Mengenal Klausa Bahasa Inggris ~ BelajarBahasaInggris.com

Workshop for English

bahasa inggris, belajar bahasa inggris, belajar klausa bahasa inggris, klausa independen bahasa inggris, klausa dependen bahasa inggris

Klausa dapat berupa salah satu dari dua jenis struktur:

1. Klausa independen (atau klausa utama), yang dapat berdiri sendiri.

2. Klausa dependen (atau klausa subordinasi/anak kalimat), klausa yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri dan harus ditempelkan atau dimasukkan dalam klausa independen.

Sebuah kalimat harus mengandung sedikitnya satu klausa independen, tetapi, sebagai tambahan, sebuah kalimat mungkin juga mengandung satu atau lebih klausa dependen. Kita dapat memikirkan sebuah kalimat memiliki formula ini:

sentence = independent clause + (dependent clauses)

kalimat = klausa independen + (bisa lebih dari satu klausa dependen)

Kurung sekitar klausa dependen menunjukkan bahwa klausa dependen merupakan pilihan.

Berikut contoh kalimat yang mengandung klausa dependen (dicetak miring) menerangkan klausa independen:

Ø Louise takes her lunch whenever she has to attend a noon presentation.

Klausa whenever she has to attend a noon presentation adalah klausa adverbia yang menerangkan verba takes.

Klausa independen dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai sebuah kalimat yang lengkap, tetapi klausa dependen tidak bisa:

Klausa independen: Louise takes her lunch.

Klausa dependen: X whenever she has to attend a noon presentation

Perlu diketahui bahwa klausa dependen, contohnya, whenever she has to attend a noon presentation pada umumnya disebut fragmen. Jadi semua klausa dependen dapat dikategorikan sebagai fragmen.

Meski pun perbedaan dalam kemampuannya untuk berdiri sendiri, klausa (keduanya independen dan dependen) dipisahkan dari semua struktur gramatika yang lain dengan satu karakteristik kunci: klausa harus memiliki kesesuaian subyek-verba. Berikut adalah subyek (dicetak tebal) dan verba (dicetak miring) dari contoh terdahulu:

Klausa independen: Louise takes her lunch.

Klausa dependen: X whenever she has to attend a noon presentation

Dalam klausa independen, verba takes berkesesuaian dengan subyeknya Louise, dan dalam klausa dependen, verba has berkesesuaian dengan sebyeknya she.

Klausa adalah sekelompok kata yang berisikan subyek dan predikat. Hubungan klausa dengan sisa kalimat ditunjukkan dengan posisi klausa atau dengan konjungsi. Ada dua jenis klausa: (1) klausa utama, atau independen dan (2) klausa subordinasi, atau dependen.

KLAUSA INDEPENDEN

Klausa independen, sering disebut klausa utama, memiliki keduanya subyek dan verba. Ia membuat pernyataan yang lengkap, independen, dan ia tidak diperkenalkan oleh kata subordinasi.

Sebuah kalimat mungkin memiliki satu klausa utama, atau ia mungkin memiliki beberapa. Ketika dua atau lebih klausa utama hadir dalam sebuah kalimat, mereka biasanya digabung dengan konjungsi koordinasi. Konjungsi koordinasi yang paling umum adalah for, and, nor, but, or, yet, dan so atau sering disingkat FAN BOYS Conjunctions. Biasanya, sebuah koma digunakan sebelum konjungsi koordinasi yang menggabung klausa independen.

My Danish mother is a fantastic cook, and she is proud of it.

She prepared delicious meals, yet she makes it look easy.

Conjunctive adverbs adalah kelompok kata yang lain yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan klausa independen. Ketika sebuah conjunctive adverb digunakan antara klausa independen, ia didahului oleh semicolon (;) dan diikuti oleh sebuah koma. Conjunctive adverb yang penting adalah ini:

accordingly consequently hence moreover then

also else however nevertheless therefore

besides furthermore likewise otherwise thus

Kalimat berikut menggunakan conjunctive adverb antara klausa independen:

The Danes love Danish bacon; however, they cannot buy it in Denmark.

Danish bacon is exported only; consequently, Danes buy it abroad when they travel and bring it home.

Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically equal elements. Coordinating conjunctions are sometimes called the “Fan Boys” conjunctions—For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So. So, you can remember the seven coordinators by the phrase FAN BOYS.

Conjunc -tion	Function	Example
for	Connects a reason to a result	I am a little hungry, for I didn’t eat breakfast this morning.
and	Connects equal similar ideas	John likes to fish and hunt.
nor	Connects two negative sentences	She does not eat meat, nor does she drink milk.
but	Connects equal different ideas	I like to eat fish but not to catch them.
or	Connects two equal choices	Do you prefer coffee or tea?
yet	Connects equal contrasting ideas	It is sunny yet cold.
so	Connects a result to a reason	I did not eat breakfast this morning, so I am a little hungry.

Conjunctive Adverbs

Conjunctive adverbs can appear at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of one independent clause, but we often use them to connect two independent clauses. Remember to put a semicolon before and a comma after the conjunctive adverb if an independent clause follows.

Besides you can use a coordinating conjunction; instead, you can use a conjunctive adverb.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTION

CONJUNCTIVE

ADVERB

SENTENCE

and

besides

furthermore

moreover

also

in addition

Community colleges offer preparation for many occupations and they prepare students to transfer to a four year college or university.

Community colleges offer preparation for many occupations; besides/ furthermore/ moreover/ also/ in addition, they prepare students to transfer to a four year college or university.

but

yet

however

nevertheless

nonetheless

Many community colleges do not have dormitory, but/yet they provide housing referral services.

Many community colleges do not have dormitory; however/nevertheless/nonetheless, they provide housing referral services.

otherwise

Students must take final exams or they will receive a grade of incomplete.

Students must take final exams; otherwise, they will receive a grade of incomplete.

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus

Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs, so most schools provide separate English classes for each group.

Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; accordingly/consequently/hence/therefore/ thus, most schools provide separate English classes for each group.

KLAUSA DEPENDEN (SUBORDINAT)

Klausa dependen, seperti klausa independen, memiliki keduanya subyek dan verba. Namun, ia berfungsi sebagai adjektiva, adverbia, atau nomina dan karenanya tidak dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai sebuah kalimat yang lengkap. Kapan saja sekelompok kata mengandung klausa subordinat, grup ini harus juga mengandung klausa independen agar berkualitas sebagai sebuah kalimat.

When I arrved [Klausa subordinat bukanlah kalimat; maknanya tidak lengkap.]

When I arrived in Denmark, my mother asked if I had brought home any bacon.

[Klausa subordinat digabung ke klausa independen yang melengkapi maknanya; konstruksi ini adalah sebuah kalimat.]

Klausa subordinat selalu didahului oleh konjungsi subordinasi atau pronomina relatif. Beberapa yang paling luas digunakan konjungsi subordinasi berikut:

after how though when

although if unless where

as since until whether

because then whatever why

Sehubungan dengan penyusunan kalimat kita harus hati-hati dengan kata-kata yang tergolong berbahaya. Semua kata yang termasuk dalam A WHITE BUS subordinator tergolong kata-kata berbahaya. Yang dimaksud dengan A WHITE BUS di sini adalah:

A: after, although, as

WH: when, whereas, while, whenever, wherever, whether or not

I: in case, if

T: though

E: even though, even if

B: before, because

U: until, unless

S: since, so (that)

Oleh karena itu berilah perhatian khusus pada kalimat Anda yang mulai dengan subordinator tersebut. Bila kita tidak hati-hati dengan kata-kata tersebut, kita bisa saja menciptakan fragmen kalimat.

Pronomina relatif sering memperkenalkan klausa subordinat. Ketika digunakan dalam cara ini, pronomina relatif mungkin juga merujuk sebagai pronomina konjungtif. Pronomina relatif yang umum sebagai berikut:

that which who whom whose

Klausa subordinasi dapat berfungsi sebagai adjektiva, adverbia, atau nomina. Klausa adjektiva menerangkan salah satu nomina atau pengganti nomina.

Anyone who has seen Victor Borge loves this humorous Danish immigrant. [Klausa subordinat who has seen Victor Borge menerangkan pronomina anyone.]

Berikut contoh dari semuanya 5 pronomina relatif (klausa relatif dicetak miring, pronomina relatif dicetak tebal):

Ø The sportscaster who is on Channel 7 has never picked a winner yet.

Ø She married a man whom she had met at work.

Ø I contacted the person whose car I bumped into.

Ø I finally read the book that you told me about.

Ø I finally read the book which you told me about.

Klausa adverbia. Klausa adverbia harus mulai dengan subordinating conjunction. Sebagai tinjauan, berikut contoh klausa adverbia dalam tiga perannya yang klausa adverbia dapat mainkan: menerangkan verba, adjektiva, dan adverbia lainnya. Klausa adverbia dicetak miring dan subordinating conjunction dicetak tebal:

Menerangkan verba I ordered a whole pizza because I had skipped lunch.

Give me a call if I can help you.

Menerangkan adjektiva I am sorry that we missed you last night.

The movie was even worse than I had feared.

Menerangkan adverbia lain I answered more sharply than I had intended.

We did better than we thought we would.

People laugh when he plays the piano. [Klausa subordinat when he plays the piano menerangkan verba laugh.]

Borge is especially funny because he mixes jokes and music. [Klausa subordinat because he mixes jokes and music menerangkan adjektiva funny.]

He can play seriously if he wants to. [Klausa subordinat if he wants to menerangkan adverbia seriously.]

Berikut beberapa contoh klausa adverbia yang mengilustrasikan kategori yang berbeda dari subordinator (klausa adverbia dicetak miring, subordinating conjunction dicetak tebal):

Waktu I had finished my popcorn before the movie even started.

The theater gets really quiet when the movie starts.

Tempat We found broken glass where the accident had occurred.

The lamp followed Mary everywhere she went.

Cara They talk about us as if we were not even here.

I parked the car as though nothing had happened.

Sebab She needs the key because she has to lock up tonight.

We left the game early since it was getting pretty one-sided.

Kondisi I wouldn’t do that if I were you.

Fred will go to the meeting unless you want to go yourself.

Kondisi Fred went to the meeting, although he didn’t want to.

We went to dinner, even though none of us were very hungry.

Sebagian terbesar, kita tidak menggunakan koma sebelum klausa adverbia. Tiga konjungsi subordinasi kondisi—although, even though, dan though—perkecualian untuk aturan ini. Klausa adverbia yang mulai dengan kata ini selalu dipisahkan dengan koma. (Penggunaan koma mungkin merefleksikan fakta bahwa klausa yang mengikuti konjungsi subordinasi ini berlawanan dengan apa yang kita mungkin harapkan untuk mengikuti makna klausa independen.)

Klausa nomina. Klausa nomina adalah klausa dependen yang digunakan sebagai frasa nomina. Klausa nomina dapat memainkan peran frasa nomina dasar sebagai subyek, obyek verba, obyek preposisi, dan nominatif predikat, contoh (klausa nomina dicetak miring):

Subyek: What he does for a living is a big mystery.

Obyek verba: I know that you are right.

Obyek preposisi: We were aware of what we needed to do.

Nominatif predikat: That is what we wanted.

Whoever Borge entertains is made happier. [Klausa subordinat Whoever Borge entertains bertindak sebagai subyek.]

His infectious humor is what audiences like. [Klausa subordinat what audiences like bertindak sebagai komplemen, nomina predikat dari kalimat tersebut.]

Borge brings whoever listens moments of delight. [Klausa subordinat whoever listens bertindak sebagai obyek tak langsung dari verba brings.]

Audiences frequently request that he play certain songs. [Klausa subordinat that he play certain songs bertindak sebagai obyek langsung dari verba request.]

They are always curious about when he will give another concert. [Klausa subordinat when he will give another concert bertindak sebagai obyek preposisi.]

MENGGUNAKAN KLAUSA UNTUK MENGGABUNG GAGASAN

Klausa membolehkan seorang penulis untuk menggabung beberapa ide yang terkait ke dalam kalimat tunggal, sebagai pengganti harus menggunakan kalimat terpisah bagi setiap pemikiran. Dalam sekolah dasar Anda mungkin telah mempelajari definisi kalimat ini: kalimat adalah sebuah pernyataan lengkap yang mengungkapkan pemikiran tunggal. Meskipun definisi itu benar dalam cara yang sangat umum, kalimat yang mengandung beberapa klausa mengijinkan bagi pengungkapan pemikiran kompleks, atau pemikiran yang beraneka segi.

Pertimbangkan, misalnya, kalimat berikut:

¹ Lego toys are plastic bricks. ² They interlock. ³ Children build houses, cars, and towers with them. ⁴ Lego toys were invented by Ole Christiansen during the Depression. ⁵ Christiansen was a Danish cabinetmaker. ⁶ He could not find work. ⁷ He made the Lego toys from wood. ⁸. He then exchanged them for food.

Perhatikan bagaimana pendek dan sangat sederhana banyak dari kalimat ini terdengar. Sewaktu Anda membaca mereka, Anda mungkin mulai menggabung beberapa pemikiran yang terkait dalam pikiran Anda memperhalus benjolan (ketidaknyamanan). Latihan dengan frasa di bagian sebelumnya memberi Anda beberapa piranti untuk memperluas kalimat dengan detail. Dengan menggunakan klausa untuk membentuk hubungan tambahan, Anda dapat juga mengkoordinasi dan mengsubordinasi gagasan-gagasan.

INDEPENDENT

SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

The Lego toys that children use to build houses, cars,

CLAUSE

INDEPENDENT

and towers are interlocking, plastic bricks. They were invented by Ole Christiansen

INDEPENDENT

CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

during the Depression. Christiansen, who was a Danish cabinetmaker, could not

CLAUSE

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

find work, so he made wooden Lego toys which he then exchanged for food.

Note:

Kalimat:

1. Lego toys are plastic bricks.

2. They interlock.

3. Children build houses, cars, and towers with them.

Ketiga kalimat tersebut digabung menjadi satu kalimat:

The Lego toys that children use to build houses, cars, and towers are interlocking, plastic bricks. [Klausa subordinat that children use to build houses, cars, and towers menerangkan nomina toys.]

Kalimat:

4. Lego toys were invented by Ole Christiansen during the Depression. [Subyek Lego toys diganti pronomina they.]

Kalimat:

5. Christiansen was a Danish cabinetmaker.

6. He could not find work.

7. He made the Lego toys from wood.

8. He then exchanged them for food.

Kalimat 5 s/d 8 digabung menjadi kalimat:

Christiansen, who was a Danish cabinetmaker, could not find work, so he made wooden Lego toys which he then exchanged for food. [Klausa subordinat who was a Danish cabinetmaker menerangkan subyek Christiansen dan klausa subordinat which he then exchanged for food menerangkan obyek them.]

Pengganti tempat pernyataan yang sangat sederhana, kita sekarang memiliki tiga kalimat yang menggabung ide dari delapan kalimat aslinya. Di samping lebih halus, enak, dan ringkas, tiga kalimat ini membangun hubungan antara ide-ide dengan memakai klausa yang mempersambungkan satu sama lain mereka.

PENYAMBUNG FRASA DAN KLAUSA YANG MEMBINGUNGKAN

Kata tertentu yang dapat menjadi salah satu preposisi atau konjungsi kadang-kadang menyebabkan para siswa bingung atas frasa dengan klausa. Kebingungan ini dapat terjadi jika Anda mencoba mengenali sekelompok kata pada dasar penghubung sendirian sebagai pengganti menguji keseluruhan kelompok kata. Contohnya, memperkenalkan sebuah frasa, dan kedua ini memperkenalkan sebuah klausa:

George has not practiced the piano since his accident.

Since he broke his arm, he has been unable to play.

Daripada percaya pada penghubung sendirian, uji keseluruhan kelompok kata yang ia memperkenalkan. Ingat bahwa preposisi memperkenalkan frasa—nomina, pronomina, atau penggantinya yang menjadi obyek preposisi, dan kata apa saja yang menerangkan obyek itu. Sebuah konjungsi, di sisi lain, memperkenalkan sebuah klausa—sekelompok kata yang berisikan subyek dan verba. Sebuah frasa tidak pernah mengandung keduanya subyek dan verba.

Beberapa kata yang mungkin salah satu preposisi atau konjungsi adalah after, before, for, until, dan since.

BAGIAN LATIHAN

Latihan 1

A few connectives may be either prepositions or conjunctions and can thus introduce both phrases or clauses. These collectives are after, before, until, for, and since. In the following sentences, carefully examine the word groups introduced by the italicized connectives. Then write P above the connective if it is a preposition (introducing a phrase) or C if it is a conjunction (introducing a clause).

Sedikit penghubung mungkin berupa salah satu preposisi atau konjungsi dan dapat karenanya memperkenalkan keduanya frasa atau klausa. Kumpulan ini adalah after, before, until, for, dan since. Dalam kalimat berikut, hati-hati menguji kelompok kata yang diperkenalkan oleh penghubung yang tercetak miring. Kemudian tulis P di atas penghubung jika ia preposisi (memperkenalkan frasa) atau C jika ia konjungsi (memperkenalkan klausa).

Contoh: Until the Depression, Blacks had been largely neglected by politicians.

1. Since Blacks traditionally voted for republicans, even Republican politicians ignored them.

2. Since the days of Reconstruction, Blacks had been victims of economic neglect.

3. The Black was, until Roosevelt’s New Deal, “the last hired and the first fired.”

4. Before Roosevelt, Black leaders had referred to “the lily-White House.”

5. After Roosevelt took office, Washington began to demonstrate sympathy for the problem of Blacks.

6. New Deal agencies like the CCC created new opportunities for Blacks.

7. Many able Blacks were nominated for senior jobs in these agencies.

8. After taking office these Blacks initiated programs that helped their fellow Blacks.

9. Of course, these agency administrators symbolized new opportunities for their race.

10. By 1936, Black voters were shifting support to Democratic candidates, since these opportunities were considered to be Roosevelt’s creation.

In each of the following sentences, word groups are italicized. Write P above it if the group is a phrase or C if it is a clause.

Dalam setiap kalimat berikut, kelompok kata tercetak miring. Tulis P di atasnya jika kelompok ini adalah frasa atau C jika ia adalah klausa.

Contoh: The Depression continued until the industrial boom needed for World War II gained strength.

11. Since the country was fighting fascism in Europe, it could hardly continue segregationist policies at home.

12. The income gap between whites and Blacks narrowed after industrial production speeded up.

13. Blacks became bitter for they were assigned menial tasks in the segregated army or defense industries.

14. Until June 1941, this policy conflicted with all the war idealism abroad in the country.

15. A Philip Randolph, a union president, planned a march on Washington until Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802.

16. After this order took effect, all discrimination in hiring by defense industries was illegal.

17. The Fair Employment Practices Commission worked constantly for greater job opportunities for Blacks.

18. The Commission’s work was easier than it might have been before labor came into short supply during the war.

19. Since the military needed personnel equally desperately, the desegregation of the armed services was rapid.

20. Not until the 1960’s, however, were civilian facilities desegregated to any great extent.

Latihan 2

Underline the subordinate clauses in the following sentences and identify each as an adjective, adverb, or noun clause.

Garisbawahi klausa subordinat dalam kalimat berikut dan kenali masing-masing sebagai klausa adjektiva, adverbia, atau nomina.

1. Historians think that falconry began in ancient Assyria.

2. The sports, which has been called the sport of kings, is still popular.

3. If you want to learn the sport, only three schools exist.

4. Most people who take up the sport are self-taught.

5. You should learn to care for a bird of prey before actually buying a falcon.

6. While the sport is not illegal, it is unlawful to capture a wild bird for training.

7. The charge that falconry is a cruel sport is a common criticism.

8. Falconers insist that the sport is a more natural way to hunt than you might think.

9. What you catch with a hawk is caught exactly as the hawk would catch it if he were alone in the wilderness.

10. Many students who learn falconry simply want to know they can handle a bird of prey correctly.

Latihan 3

In the following sentences, identify the main and subordinate clauses. Indicate the function of each subordinate clause as adjective, adverb, or noun.

Dalam kalimat berikut, kenali klausa utama dan subordinat. Tunjukkan fungsi dari setiap klausa subordinat sebagai adjektiva, adverbial, atau nomina.

1. Though the odds against death by lightning strike are high, hundreds of people are killed by lightning each year.

2. A house, a building, or a vehicle that has a metal top can protect you.

3. Even if you’re inside a building or vehicle, don’t sit near open windows or doors.

4. If you must remain outdoors, you should try to stay as low as you possibly can.

5. You should avoid trees because lightning may be attracted to tall objects.

6. Lightning “feelers,” which precede a strike, travel until they find a conductor.

7. When your hair stands on end during a lightning storm, this means that a “feeler” is near.

8. What you should do to protect yourself is kneel on the ground as quickly as you can.

9. You should also never assume that lightning won’t strike the same place twice.

10. Whatever attracted the lightning in the first place may still be around.

Latihan 4. Check your knowledge.

Correct the errors in the adjective clauses.

Koreksi kesalahan dalam klausa adjektiva berikut.

In our village, there were many people didn't have much money.
I enjoyed the book that you told me to read it.
I still remember the man who he taught me to play the guitar when I was a boy.
I showed my father a picture of the car I am going to buy it as soon as I save enough money.
The woman about who I was talking about suddenly walked into the room.
The people appear in the play are amateur actors.
I don't like to spend time with people which loses their temper easily.
While the boy was at the airport, he took pictures of people which was waiting for their planes.
People who works in the hunger program they estimate that 45,000 people worldwide die from starvation and malnutrition-related diseases every single day of the year.
In one corner of the marketplace, an old man who was playing a violin.

Latihan 5

Combine sentences a and b. Use b as an adjective clause. Use formal written English. Punctuate carefully.

Gabungkan kalimat a dan b. Gunakan b sebagai klausa adjektiva. Gunakan Bahasa Inggris tulis formal. Terapkan tanda baca dengan hati-hati.

1. a. An antecedent is a word.

b. A pronoun refers to ~~this word~~.

=> An antecedent is a word to which a pronoun refers.

2. a. The blue whale is considered the largest animal that has ever lived

b. It can grow to 100 feet and 150 tons.

3. a. The plane was met by a crowd of 300 people.

b. Some of ~~them~~ had been waiting for more than four hours.

4. a. In this paper, I will describe the basic process.

b. Raw cotton becomes cotton thread by ~~this process~~.

5. a. The researchers are doing case studies of people to determine the importance of heredity in health and longevity.

b. ~~These people's~~ families have a history of high blood pressure and heart disease.

6. a. At the end of this month, scientists at the institute will conclude their AIDS research.

b. The results of ~~this research~~ will be published within six months.

7. a. According to many education officials, "math phobia" (that is, a fear of mathematics) is a widespread problem.

b. A solution to ~~this problem~~ can and must be found.

8. a. The art museum hopes to hire a new administrator.

b. Under ~~this person's~~ direction, it will be able to purchase significant pieces of art.

9. a. The giant anteater licks up ants for its dinner.

b. ~~Its~~ tongue is longer than 30 centimeters (12 inches).

10.a. The anteater's tongue is sticky.

b. It can go in and out of its mouth 160 times a minute.

Kunci Jawaban