Kita tahu bahwa setiap kelas kata akan pertama dikelompokkan ke dalam berbagai macamnya. Pengelompokan semacam ini didasarkan terutama pada perbedaan dalam bentuk struktur atau dalam tindak tanduk gramatika. Setelah itu, kelas kata akan diterangkan sesuai dengan sinyal yang dapat diamati yang mengoperasikan tatabahasa—fungsi, posisi, bentuk, penanda. Di bawah fungsi akan menjadi pertimbangan lebih lanjut bagaimana kelas kata menyajikan salah satu sebagai bagian dari inti pusat (nomina atau pronomina, verba), atau modifier (adjektiva, adverbia), atau penghubung (preposisi, konjungsi). Di bawah bentuk akan disertakan (1) akhiran infleksional, yakni, akhiran untuk maksud gramatika (misalnya, -s untuk nomina jamak, -ed untuk verba lampau); dan (2) akhiran derivasional atau akhiran yang menunjukkan kelas kata (misalnya, -tion untuk nomina, -ize untuk verba). Di bawah penanda akan diikutkan jenis kata yang bertindak sebagai sinyal bagi kelas kata yang mengikuti (misalnya, the sebelum nomina; very sebelum adjektiva atau adverbia).

Dari ulasan kelas kata ini kita akan melihat bahwa hanya nomina, verba, adjektiva, dan adverbia memiliki akhiran infleksional dan derivasional khusus, dan menggunakan penanda khusus untuk identifikasi. Jumlah besar kosakata kita masuk ke dalam empat kelas kata ini, dan kata baru masuk ke dalam kategori ini saja.

 

Morfem Infleksional Bahasa Inggris

Morfem infleksional tidak seperti morfem derivasional. Morfem ini tidak mengubah makna atau klasifikasi kata, tetapi hanya menyaring dan memberi informasi gramatika ekstra tentang makna kata yang sudah ada. Misalnya, penambahan –ing ke verba watch dalam I am watching television. Watch tetap sebuah verba setelah –ing diimbuhkan, tetapi akhiran tersebut menambah makna gramatika, yaitu bahwa tindakan tersebut menjadi bentuk sedang. Contoh yang lain, misalnya cat dan cats keduanya nomina dan memiliki makna yang sama (menunjuk sesuatu yang sama), tetapi cats dengan morfem penanda jamak –s mengandung informasi tambahan bahwa ada lebih dari satu dari sesuatu ini (cat). Yang perlu diingat di sini bahwa morfem infleksional semuanya berbentuk akhiran.

Ada delapan imbuhan infleksional dalam Bahasa Inggris:

Verba:

-          present participle ✒ watching

-          present tense – orang ketiga tunggal ✒ walks

-          past tense ✒ jumped

-          past participle ✒ eaten

Nomina:

-          possessive ✒ Jonh’s

-          plural ✒ books

Adjektiva dan adverbia:

-          comparative ✒ clearer, faster

-          superlative ✒ clearest, fastest

 

Untuk imbuhan infleksional ada perkecualian. Hanya imbuhan infleksional yang tidak berupa akhiran melibatkan bentuk-bentuk yang tidak beraturan. Dalam konsep imbuhan infleksional dalam Bahasa Inggris modern hal ini dapat dirumuskan dengan apik: “The only inflectional affixes that are not suffixes, involve the irregular forms.” 

 

-          perubahan bunyi internal: mouse --> mice (plural)

goose --> geese (plural)

ring --> rang (past tense) --> rung (past participle)

-          tiada perubahan:                one deer --> several deer (zero plural)

hit --> hit --> hit (zero past tense dan past participle)

-          bentuk lentur:                    go --> went; be --> was (past tense)

good --> better (comparative) --> best (superlative)

bad à worse (comparative) --> worst (superlative)

 

Morfem Derivasional Bahasa Inggris

Ketika sebuah morfem ditambahkan ke sebuah kata berakibat baik dalam klasifikasi kata yang berbeda atau pun klasifikasi kata yang sama dengan makna leksikal yang berbeda, morfem ini disebut morfem derivasional, atau morfem yang menghasilkan kata jadian (turunan). Dalam Bahasa Inggris, morfem derivasional merupakan salah satu, awalan atau akhiran. Imbuhan derivasional dapat berupa awalan, misalnya unclear (“not clear”) dan akhiran, misalnya agree --> agreement (verba --> nomina).

 

Sebagian besar akhiran Bahasa Inggris ditunjukkan daftar berikut:

Akhiran untuk kata benda yang umum:

            -tion                 information                              -ery                  recovery

            -sion                provision                                 -ship                scholarship

            -ence                existence                                  -tude                multitude

            -ance                acceptance                               -ism                 organism

            -dom                wisdom, kingdom                    -cracy              democracy

            -th                    health                                       -logy                biology

            -age                  marriage                                   -ment               experiment

            -ma                  dogma                                      -ette                 kitchenette

            -let                   booklet                                    -ite                   Israelite

            -ure                  failure                                      -aholic             workaholic

 

Akhiran untuk kata kerja yang merujuk kepada orang:

            -er                    explorer                                   -ee                   employee

            -or                    sailor                                        -ic                    comic

            -ist                   psychologist                             -ian                  technician

            -ent                  student                                     -ant                  attendant

 

Akhiran untuk kata kerja yang umum:

            -ize                  realize                                      -ify                  satisfy

            -en                   shorten                                     -ate                  incorporate

            -er                    recover

 

Akhiran untuk kata sifat yang umum:

            -ate                  moderate                                  -y                     sunny

            -ous                 dangerous                                -ic                    economic

            -al                    normal                                     -ical                 logical

            -ial                   remedial                                   -ory                  sensory

            -able                comfortable                             -less                 hopeless

            -ible                 sensible                                   -ive                  competitive

            -ish                  foolish                                     -ly                    friendly

            -ant                  resistant                                   -ful                  colorful

            -ent                  different                                  -ile                   sterile

 

Kata Benda Bahasa Inggris

Bagian utama dari nomina disebut kata dasar (root). Kepada banyak nomina Anda dapat menambahkan awalan (prefix) [sebelum kata dasar] atau akhiran (suffix) [setelah kata dasar] untuk menerangkan maknanya.

Sebagian besar awalan dan akhiran berasal dari kata Yunani (Greek) dan Latin.

cycle – bicycle – cyclist                       ROOT = cycle; PREFIX = bi-; SUFFIX = -ist

danger – endanger - dangerous            ROOT = danger; PREFIX = en-; SUFFIX = -ous

 

AWALAN UMUM                 MAKNA                     CONTOH

ad-                                           to                                 adhere

ante-                                        before                          antecedent

anti-                                         opposite                       antidote

auto-                                        self                              autobiography

bi-                                            two                              bicycle

con-                                         with                             congratulate

de-                                           from; down                  depart

dis-                                          not; opposite                disable

en-                                           bring into                     endanger

ex-                                           out                               expel

inter-                                        among; between           international

intra-                                        within                          intranet

macro-                                     large                             macro-economics

micro-                                      small                            microscope

mis-                                         bad                              miscarriage

mono-                                      single                           monopoly

neo-                                         new                              neo-liberal

pan-                                         all                                pandemic

poly-                                        many                           polygamous

post-                                        after                             postnatal

pre-                                          before                          preview

re-                                            again                            restart

sub-                                         under                           submarine

trans-                                       across                          transatlantic

 

AKHIRAN UMUM                MAKNA                     CONTOH

-al                                            relating to                     maternal

-algia                                        pain                             neuralgia

-dom                                        state of                         freedom

-ess                                          female                         goddess

-graph                                      written; drawn              autograph

-ic                                            relating to                     poetic

-ile                                           state of                         juvenile

-ism                                         system of; theory of    atheism

-ist                                           one who practices        cyclist

-ography                                  written about               biography

-ology                                      study of                       biology

-ous                                         state of                         dangerous

-phile                                       likes; love                    anglophile

-phobe                                     dislikes; hates              technophobe

-port                                         carry                            export

-ular                                         relating to                    cellular

-vert                                         turn                              invert

 

Coba simak latihan Bahasa Inggris berikut

Menambah Akhiran –EN, -IZE, -IFY

Change the following nouns to verbs by adding the suffixes –en, -ize, -ify. Make whatever changes are necessary.  

Ubahlah nomina berikut ke verba dengan menambah akhiran –en, -ize, -ify. Buatlah perubahan apa saja dianggap perlu.

 

apology ________________________	memory ______________________
fright    _________________________	solid _________________________
character _______________________	satire ________________________
beauty _________________________	strength _____________________
author  ________________________	standard _____________________
haste __________________________	terror ________________________
critic __________________________	threat ________________________
class ___________________________		sympathy _____________________
emphasis _______________________		colony _______________________
liquid __________________________		glory ________________________
length _________________________		summary _____________________
drama _________________________		symbol _______________________

        height _________________________

 

-----✒

apology (noun) --> apologize (verb)                         memory (noun) --> memorize (verb)

fright (noun) --> frighten (verb)                                 solid (noun) --> solidify (verb)

character (noun) --> characterize (verb)                   satire (noun) --> satirize (verb)

beauty (noun) -> beautify (verb)                               strength (noun) --> strengthen (verb)

author (noun) --> authorize (verb)                            standard (noun) --> standardize (v)

haste (noun) --> hasten (verb)                                   terror (noun) --> terrorize (verb)

critic (noun) --> critize (verb)                                   threat (noun) --> threaten (verb)

class (noun) --> classify (verb)                                  sympathy (noun) --> sympathize (v)

emphasis (noun) --> emphasize (verb)                      colony (noun) --> colonize (verb)

liquid (noun) --> liquefy (verb)                                 glory (noun) --> glorify (verb)

length (noun) --> lengthen (verb)                             summary (noun) --> summarize (v)

drama (noun) --> dramatize (verb)                           symbol (noun) --> symbolize (verb)

height (noun) --> heighten (verb)

 

Menambah Awalan EN-, BE-, AC-, IM-

Change the following nouns to verbs by adding the prefixes en-, be-, ac-, im-.  

Ubahlah nomina berikut ke verba dengan menambah awalan en-, be-, ac-, im-.

 

custom ___________________________     knowledge ______________________

friend ____________________________     slave ___________________________

joy _______________________________    prison __________________________

head _____________________________     title ____________________________

circle _____________________________    witch ___________________________

climat ____________________________     trust ___________________________

force _____________________________     courage ________________________

 

-----✒

custom (noun) --> accustom (verb)                       knowledge (noun) --> acknowledge (v)

friend (noun) --> befriend (verb)                              slave (noun) --> enslave (verb)

joy (noun) --> enjoy (verb)                                       prison (noun) --> imprison (verb)

head (noun) --> behead (verb)                                  title (noun) --> entitle (verb)

circle (noun) --> encircle (verb)                               witch (noun) --> bewitch (verb)

 

In the blank spaces supply the verbs that are related to the italicized nouns. Use the correct verb forms.  

Pada ruang kosong sediakan verba yang terkait dengan nomina tercetak miring. Gunakan bentuk verba yang benar.

 

1.      The production of coal in our country is very great. How much coal does your country ____________________ ?

2.      It is so easy to see through his pretenses. Why must he always _____________  to be more important than he is?

3.      The applause was deafening. These was no one in the room who was not _______________ loudly.

4.      If he won’t take my advice, why did he ask me to ____________________ him?

5.      His ultimate success depends on how well he _____________________ in every step along the way.

6.      The explosion was heard for miles around. No one knew what had caused the airplane to _____________________ .

7.      It’s time for the baby’s bath. Would you like to ______________________ him?

8.      The loss of life was very great in the last war. In the next war we may ____________ many more men than we ______________________ in the previous war.

9.      I’m all out of breath. It’s difficult to ___________________ in this high altitude.

10.  His choice of words was unfortunate. Sometimes it’t important to ____________  the right words. In his place, I would have _________________ words that were not so emotional.

11.  Nostradamus made many prophecies. He ___________________ that the world would be destroyed in the year 2000.

12.  The kind of proof you have offered does not __________________ conclusively that you are right.

13.  He may _________________________ other people, but I can see right through his deception.

 

-----✒

1.      The production of coal in our country is very great. How much coal does your country produce?

2.      It is so easy to see through his pretenses. Why must he always pretend to be more important than he is?

3.      The applause was deafening. These was no one in the room who was not applaud loudly.

4.      If he won’t take my advice, why did he ask me to advise him?

5.      His ultimate success depends on how well he succeeds in every step along the way.

6.      The explosion was heard for miles around. No one knew what had caused the airplane to explode.

7.      It’s time for the baby’s bath. Would you like to bathe him?

8.      The loss of life was very great in the last war. In the next war we may lose many more men than we lost in the previous war.

9.      I’m all out of breath. It’s difficult to breathe in this high altitude.

10.  His choice of words was unfortunate. Sometimes it’s important to choose the right words. In his place, I would have chosen words that were not so emotional.

11.  Nostradamus made many prophecies. He prophesy that the world would be destroyed in the year 2000. (prophesied?)

12.  The kind of proof you have offered does not prove conclusively that you are right.

13.  He may deceive other people, but I can see right through his deception.

 

“Good writing in English requires the ability to write good sentences and to organize them logically into paragraphs and essays.”