Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Kata atau Frasa Penghubung Gagasan
Tiga kelompok kata digunakan
untuk menghubungkan klausa supaya membentuk jenis kalimat Bahasa Inggris yang
berbeda. Mereka adalah subordinator
(subordinating conjunction), coordinator (coordinating conjunction), dan conjunctive
adverb.
Kata transisi Bahasa Inggris
(seperti therefore, however, dan moreover) dan ungkapan yang lain
dapat digunakan untuk menggabung paragraf ke paragraf, kalimat ke kalimat, dan
klausa ke klausa. Beberapa ungkapan ini diberikan di bawah.
Ekspresi digunakan untuk mengelis pendapat, contoh, atau alasan
Contoh
atau alasan pertama:
First,
let’s consider X.
The
first reason for this is that Y . . .
One
example of this is Y.
First
of all, I’d like to give you a little background information.
Contoh
atau alasan tambahan:
Second,
there is the example of Z.
A
second (third) good example of
this phenomenon is A . . .
Another
example is B . . .
Next,
there is the example of Y . . .
Another
reason is that C is usually . . .
Contoh
atau alasan terakhir:
Finally,
we have Z.
Finally,
I’d like to thank everyone for coming this evening. (sebagai gagasan terakhir yang Anda ingin katakan)
Ekspresi yang menunjukkan tambahan
Kata transisi/frasa in addition, furthermore, dan moreover
dapat digunakan untuk menggabung klausa atau kalimat untuk menambahkan gagasan
yang mirip atau setara.
Clause1; furthermore, clause 2
Sentence 1. Furthermore, sentence 2.
Satu pendapat diberikan dalam klausa atau
kalimat pertama dan yang lain dalam klausa atau kalimat kedua.
I would never want to own a Y because it is so expensive. In
addition, it often breaks down.
I predict that, in the future, people of all ages will use Ys. Moreover,
Ys will be found in every country of the globe.
Community colleges offer preparation for many
occupations; furthermore/ moreover/ in
addition, they prepare students to transfer to a four year college or
university.
Atau
dengan coordinator kita bisa menyampaikan gagasan yang sama:
Community
colleges offer preparation for many occupations and they prepare students to transfer to a four year college or
university.Ekspresi yang menunjukkan akibat atau simpulan
Kata sambung so dapat digunakan untuk
menggabung dua klausa independen. Klausa pertama memberikan alasan, klausa
kedua akibat. (Clausa 1, so clause 2). Kata sambung so termasuk
salah satu dari 7 koordinator FAN BOYS dan dia menghubungkan akibat ke alasan.
I
believe doing C is a waste of time, so I avoid C whenever possible.
I
did not eat breakfast this morning, so I am a little hungry.
Native and nonnative English speakers
have different needs, so most schools provide separate
English classes for each group.
Kata transisi therefore, consequently, dan
thus dapat digunakan untuk menggabung klausa atau kalimat. Klausa atau
kalimat pertama memberikan alasan, klausa atau kalimat kedua akibat.
A recent study showed that many high school graduates could not do Y. Consequently,
Y should be part of the curriculum of all high schools.
In high school, I learned how to A, how to B, and how to C; thus,
I was prepared for my studies at a university.
The 1996 law
eliminated many benefits for legal immigrants who had not become citizens; therefore/thus/ consequently, most of
them applied for citizenship.
Native and nonnative English speakers
have different needs; consequently/therefore/
thus, most schools provide separate English classes for each group.
Ekspresi yang menunjukkan kontras
Kata penghubung but juga termasuk salah
satu dari 7 koordinator FAN BOYS. Dia menghubungkan gagasan berbeda yang
setara.
Kata penghubung but dapat digunakan untuk menggabung dua klausa independen yang
berisikan informasi yang bertentangan (kontras). (Clause 1, but
clause 2).
Many community colleges do not have
dormitory, but they provide housing referral services.
Men
may exercise better, but they may not exercise as
regularly as women do.
Although
most of the people in my country choose to study X as a second language, I
wanted to learn how to speak Y first.
I
wanted to learn how to speak Y first, although most of the people in my
country choose to study X as a second language.
Even
though none of us were very hungry, we went to dinner.
We
went to dinner, even though none of us were very hungry
Some
people believe that doing X is harmful, while others enjoy it.
Some
people arrived in taxis while others took the subway.
The
term rock music commonly refers to music styles after 1959 that were influenced
primarily by white musicians, while
rhythm-and-blues music styles were influenced primarily by black musicians.
Sebagian terbesar, kita tidak
menggunakan koma sebelum klausa adverbia. Tiga konjungsi subordinasi kondisi—although,
even though, dan though—perkecualian untuk aturan ini. Klausa
adverbia yang mulai dengan kata ini selalu dipisahkan dengan koma kecuali bila
mereka ada di awal kalimat.
Many people like to visit large
cities such as X or Y; however, I prefer to see scenic
natural places such as Z and A.
Many
community colleges do not have dormitory;
however, they provide housing referral services.
Many people think that the
government should encourage people to do Y because it will help the economy. On
the other hand, doing Y can have a number of negative results.
Ekspresi yang menunjukkan kemiripan
Kata transisi likewise dan similarly
dapat menggabung klausa dan kalimat yang berisi informasi yang mirip.
There is too much violence in movies; similarly, many TV shows
contain a lot of violence.
Human workers can
detect malfunctions in machinery; likewise/similarly,
a robot can be programmed to detect equipment malfunctions.
Ekspresi yang memperkenalkan paragraph simpulan
Frasa transisi ini dapat digunakan pada
awal dari paragraph akhir.
In conclusion,
for all these reasons, I think that X is a valid argument.
In
summary, there is no doubt in my mind that Y is true.
All
in all, I must agree with those people who support X.
Berikut beberapa contoh kosakata tambahan yang digunakan untuk memberikan opini dan menggabungkan gagasan.
1.
I completely agree with the idea of
stricter gun control for a number of reasons. First, statistics show
that guns are not very effective in preventing crime. Moreover, accidents
involving guns frequently occur. Finally, guns can be stolen and
later used in crimes.
2.
I believe that a good salary is an important
consideration when looking for a career. However, the nature of the work is
more important to me. Thus, I would not accept a job that
I did not find rewarding.
3.
There are many reasons why I would
rather live in an urban area than in a small town. The
first and most important reason is that there are more professional
opportunities for me in a big city than in a small town. Another is that the
educational opportunities for my children are much better in a city. Third,
a city offers cultural attractions such as museums, theaters, and good
restaurants. Personally, I think
that I would be bored living in a small town. Therefore, I agree with those people who prefer to
live in big cities.
Look
at the following example showing transition expressions used for cohesion.
A group of students really wanted a certain program to be added to
the university curriculum. The students presented their request to the
university; in addition, they got hundreds of signatures on a petition. Nonetheless,
their request was denied.
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