Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Tulisan Canggih dengan Klausa Nomina

Belajar Bahasa Inggris tentang Klausa Nomina

 

Belajar Bahasa Inggris tentang Jenis Klausa Nomina

Belajar Bahasa Inggris tentang Tanda Baca

Belajar Bahasa Inggris tentang Urut-urutan Tenses

Correcting Sentence Structure in a Paragraph

 

A Review of Sentence Problem
In this section, you will learn to recognize and correct some common errors in sentence structure: sentence fragments, as well as choppy, run-on, and stringy sentences, also errors in parallelism.

1. Parallelism

Lists of items joined by coordinating conjunctions and correlative conjunctions must be parallel in structure. The same is true of contrasts and comparisons of items. If the first item is a noun, make all others nouns; if it is a phrase, make all of the others phrases; if it is a clause, make all of the others clauses.

NON PARALLEL
I enjoy snow skiing in the winter and waterski summers.

PARALLEL
I enjoy snow skiing in the winter and waterskiing in the summer.

NON PARALLEL
My grandmother not only speaks four languages but also she understands six.

PARALLEL
My grandmother not only speaks four languages but also understands six.

2. Sentence Problems

The four main kinds of problem sentences that students may write are fragments, run-ons, comma splices, and stringy sentences.

Fragments are incomplete sentences.

Fragment:
The subject that I enjoyed the most in high school.

Corrected:
The subject that I enjoyed the most in high school was physics.

Run-ons and comma splices are incorrectly joined independent clauses.

Run-on:
Getting married is easy staying married is another matter.

Corrected:
Getting married is easy, but staying married is another matter.

Comma splice:
Getting married is easy, staying married is another matter.

Corrected:
Getting married is easy, but staying married is another matter.

Or:
Although getting married is easy, staying married is another matter.

Choppy sentences are sentences that are too short.

Choppy:
My family left our homeland. Then we lived in a refugee camp. We lived there for several months. Then we got our documents. We traveled to Canada. We live there now.

Corrected:
After my family left our homeland, we lived i a refugee camp for several months. As soon as we got our documents, we traveled to Canada, where we live now.

Stringy sentences are sentences with too many independent clauses.

Stringy:
My family left our homeland, and we lived in a refugee camp for several months, but finally we got our documents, so we traveled to Canada, and we live there now.

Corrected:
After my family left our homeland, we lived i a refugee camp for several months. As soon as we got our documents, we traveled to Canada, where we live now.







EDITING PRACTICE
Edit the following paragraph for errors in parallel structure and other sentence problems. Identify the problem sentences and correct them. (Notes: Not every sentence has a problem.)


1The United States counts its population every ten years, and each census reveals that the racial and ethnic mix is changing dramatically, so by the year 2050, the "average" American will not be descended from Europeans, but the majority of U.S. residents will trace their ancestry to Africa, Asia, the Hispanic world, the Pacific Islands, or Middle East. 2Once the United States was a microcosm of European nationalities, today the United States is a microcosm of the world. 3The United States is no longer considered a "melting pot" society by many of its residents. 4Instead, many people prefer the term "salad bowl." 5They use the term to describe American Society. 6American society will soon be predominantly nonwhite. 7"Melting pot" implies that the different ethnic groups blend together into one homogeneous mixture, "salad bowl" implies that nationalities, like the ingredients in a mixed green salad, retain their cultural identities. 8Earlier generations of immigrants believed they had to learn English quickly not only to survive but also for success. 9Now, many immigrant groups do not feel the same need. 10Because there are many places in America where you can work, shop, get medical care, marry, divorce, and die without knowing English. 11For example, Chinatown in San Francisco and New York. 12Also, Los Angeles has many Vietnamese immigrants and immigrants from Mexico. 13In addition, many immigrant groups want their children to know their own culture. 14Many Hispanics, for example, want their children to learn both English and study the Spanish language in school. 15They are fighting for the right to bilingual education in many communities. 16In many communities they are in the majority.

census: population count
be descended from: be the children, grandchildren, etc., of
ancestry: a person's origins
microcosm: small community representing a large one


Model answer:

Problem with stringy sentence: sentence 1
The United States counts its population every ten years, and each census reveals that the racial and ethnic mix is changing dramatically, so by the year 2050, the "average" American will not be descended form Europeans, but the majority of U.S. residents will trace their ancestry to Africa, Asia, the Hispanic world, the Pacific Islands, or Middle East.

Corrected:
The United States counts its population every ten years, and each census reveals that the racial and ethnic mix is changing dramatically.  By the year 2050, the "average" American will not be descended form Europeans, but the majority of U.S. residents will trace their ancestry to Africa, Asia, the Hispanic world, the Pacific Islands, or Middle East.

Problem with comma splice: sentence 2
Once the United States was a microcosm of European nationalities, today the United States is a microcosm of the world.

Corrected:
Once the United States was a microcosm of European nationalities, but today the United States is a microcosm of the world.

Problem with choppy sentence: sentence 4, 5, and 6
Instead, many people prefer the term "salad bowl." They use the term to describe American Society. American society will soon be predominantly nonwhite.

Corrected:
Instead, many people prefer to use the term "salad bowl" to describe American Society who will soon be predominantly nonwhite.

Problem with comma splice: sentence 7 
"Melting pot" implies that the different ethnic groups blend together into one homogeneous mixture, "salad bowl" implies that nationalities, like the ingredients in a mixed green salad, retain their cultural identities.

Corrected:
"Melting pot" implies that the different ethnic groups blend together into one homogeneous mixture, while "salad bowl" implies that nationalities, like the ingredients in a mixed green salad, retain their cultural identities.

Problem with parallelism: sentence 8 
Earlier generations of immigrants believed they had to learn English quickly not only to survive but also for success.

Corrected:
Earlier generations of immigrants believed they had to learn English quickly not only to survive but also to succeed.

Problem with sentence fragment: sentence 10
Because there are many places in America where you can work, shop, get medical care, marry, divorce, and die without knowing English.

Problem with sentence fragment: sentence 11
For example, Chinatown in San Francisco and New York.

Corrected:
There are many places in America where you can work, shop, get medical care, marry, divorce, and die without knowing English, for example, Chinatown in San Francisco and New York.

Problem with parallelism: sentence 12
Also, Los Angeles has many Vietnamese immigrants and immigrants from Mexico.

Corrected:
Also, Los Angeles has many Vietnamese and Mexican immigrants.

Problem with parallelism: sentence 14 
Many Hispanics, for example, want their children to learn both English and study the Spanish language in school.

Corrected:
Many Hispanics, for example, want their children to learn both English and the Spanish language in school.

Problem with choppy sentences: sentence 15 and 16
They are fighting for the right to bilingual education in many communities. In many communities they are in the majority.

Corrected:
They are fighting for the right to bilingual education, and in many communities they are in the majority.



Paragraph that has been improved:


The United States counts its population every ten years, and each census reveals that the racial and ethnic mix is changing dramatically. By the year 2050, the "average" American will not be descended from Europeans, but the majority of U.S. residents will trace their ancestry to Africa, Asia, the Hispanic world, the Pacific Islands, or Middle East. Once the United States was a microcosm of European nationalities, but  today the United States is a microcosm of the world. The United States is no longer considered a "melting pot" society by many of its residents. Instead, many people prefer to use the term "salad bowl" to describe American Society who will soon be predominantly nonwhite. "Melting pot" implies that the different ethnic groups blend together into one homogeneous mixture, while salad bowl" implies that nationalities, like the ingredients in a mixed green salad, retain their cultural identities. Earlier generations of immigrants believed they had to learn English quickly not only to survive but also to succeed. Now, many immigrant groups do not feel the same need. There are many places in America where you can work, shop, get medical care, marry, divorce, and die without knowing English, for example, Chinatown in San Francisco and New York. Also, Los Angeles has many Vietnamese and Mexican immigrants. In addition, many immigrant groups want their children to know their own culture. Many Hispanics, for example, want their children to learn both English and the Spanish language in school. They are fighting for the right to bilingual education, and in many communities they are in the majority.


This is only my own model answer. Perhaps, you have your own model answer. Please feel free to discuss and try to find the best model answer.


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 Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Merunutkan Gagasan Dalam Paragraf

Mengapa gagasan dalam paragraf perlu dirangkai?

Gagasan dalam paragraf perlu dirangkai agar alirannya runut. Dengan demikian pembaca bisa dengan mudah mengikuti aliran (flow) tulisan kita dan merasa nyaman. Kali ini sesi belajar Bahasa Inggris mengulas perlunya merangkai gagasan dalam setiap tulisan kita.

Transition word/phrase (seperti therefore, however, dan moreover) dan ekspresi lainnya dapat digunakan untuk merangkai paragraf ke paragraf, kalimat ke kalimat, dan klausa ke klausa. Beberapa ekspresi ini bisa disimak di bawah ini.

1. Expressions used to list points, examples, or reasons

First example or reason:
First, let's consider X.
The first reason for this is that Y . . .
One example of this is Y.

Additional examples or reasons:
Second, there is the example of Z.
A second (third) good example of this phenomenon is A . . .
Another example is B . . .
Next, there is the example of Y . . .
Another reason is that C is usually . . .

Final example or reason:
Finally, we have Z.

2. Expressions that show addition

Kata/frasa transisi in addition, furthermore, dan moreover dapat digunakan untuk merangkai klausa atau kalimat. Kalau kita ingat kembali bahwa ketiga kata/frasa transisi tersebut termasuk conjunctive adverbs dan conjunctive adverbs termasuk adverbia.  Karena adverbia, posisinya bisa di mana saja. Rumusnya:

     Clause 1; furthermore, clause 2
     Sentence 1. Furthermore, sentence 2.

Satu poin diberikan dalam klausa atau kalimat pertama dan yang lain dalam klausa atau kalimat kedua.

     I like to use Y as a method of keeping in touch with my friends because it is fast; furthermore, it is efficient and simple.

     I would never want to own a Y because it is so expensive. In addition, it often breaks down.

     I predict that, in the future, people of all ages will use Ys. Moreover, Ys will be found in every country of the globe.

3. Expressions that show result or conclusion

Koordinator so dapat digunakan untuk merangkai dua klausa independen. Klausa pertama memberikan alasan, klausa kedua memberikan akibat. (Clause 1, so clause 2).

     I believe doing C is a waste of time, so I avoid C whenever possible.

Kata transisi therefore, consequently, dan thus dapat digunakan untuk merangkai klausa atau kalimat. Klausa atau kalimat pertama memberikan alasan, klausa atau kalimat kedua memberikan akibat.

     Studying mathematics teaches you how to A; therefore, every one should study mathematics.

     A recent study showed that many high school graduates could not do Y. Consequently, Y should be part of the curriculum of all high schools.

     In high school, I learn how to A, how to B, and how to C; thus, I was prepared for my studies at a university.

4. Expressions that show contrast

Koordinator but dapat digunakan untuk merangkai dua klausa independen yang mengandung informasi kontras. (Clause 1, but clause 2).

     People who oppose Y may have some good points, but on the whole, I think Y serves a useful function.

Subordinator (penanda klausa adverbia) although, dan while dapat digunakan untuk merangakai klausa adverbia dan klausa independn dengan informasi yang kontras.

     Although most of the people in my country choose to study X as a second language, I wanted to learn how to speak Y first.

     Some people believe that doing X is harmful, while others enjoy it.

Kata/frasa transisi ini dapat merangkai klausa atau kalimat yang mengandung informasi kontras.

     Many people like to visit large cities such as X or Y; however, I prefer to see scenic natural places such as Z ans A.

     Many people think that the government should encourage people to do Y because it will help the economy. On the other hand, doing Y can have a number of negative results.

5. Expressions that show similarity

Kata transisi likewise, dan similarly dapat merangkai klausa dan kalimat yang mengandung informasi yang mirip.

     I think it is useful for children to do Y; likewise, I think it is helpful for adults to do the same.

     There is too much violence in movies; similarly, many TV shows contain a lot of violence.

6. Expressions that introduce a concluding paragraph

Frasa transisi ini dapat digunakan pada awal paragraf terakhir dari respons Anda.

     In conclusion, for all these reasons, I think that X is a valid argument.

     In summary, there is no doubt in my mind that Y is true.

    All in all, I must agree with those people who support X.





Berikut diberikan contoh tambahan kosakata yang digunakan untuk memberikan pendapat dan merangkai gagasan.

1. I completely agree with the idea of stricter gun control for a number of reasons. First, statistics show that guns are not very effective in preventing crime. Moreover, accidents involving guns frequently occur. Finally, guns can be stolen and later used in crimes.
2. I believe that a good salary is an important consideration when looking for a career. However, the nature of the work is more important for me. Thus, I would not accept a job that I did not find rewarding.
3. There are many reasons why I would rather live in an urban area than in a small town. The first and most important reason is that there are more professional opportunities for me in a big city than in a small town. Another is that the educational opportunities for my children are much better in a city. Third, a city offers cultural attractions such as museums, theaters, and good restaurants. Personally, I think that I would be bored living in a small town. Therefore, I agree with those people who prefer to live in big cities.

Belajar Bahasa Inggris tentang Latihan:

FOCUS: Using  transition words and other expressions to connect ideas.
DIRECTIONS: Complete each of the following sentences with one of the words or phrases below. Do not use any item more than one.

     likewise        for example       personally                  furthermore
     however       therefore           on the other hand       similarly

1. I believe that women should have the right to serve in military. ______________ , I don't believe that they should be assigned to combat roles.
2. Many actors, rock musicians, and sports stars receive huge amounts of money for the work that they do. _________________, a baseball player was recently offered a contract worth over twelve million dollars. __________________, I feel that this is far too much to pay a person who simply provides entertainment.
3. The development of the automobile has had a great impact on people everywhere. _______________, the development of high-speed trains has had an impact on people in many countries, including my home country of France.
4. I used to work in a restaurant when I was in college. I realized what a difficult job restaurant work is. _______________, whenever I went out to eat, I try to leave a good tip for my waiter or waitress.
5. Many people would agree with the idea that the best use for the open space in our community is to built a shopping center. ________________, there are other people who feel we should turn this open space into a park.
6. In the United States, people celebrate their independence from Britain on July 4. ______________, we Mexicans celebrate our independence from Spain on September 16.
7. Corporation should do more to reduce air pollution. _______________, they should encourage recycling.

Belajar Bahasa Inggris tentang merangkai gagasan telah kita ulas bersama. Apakah ulasannya cukup mencerahkan? Apakah kemampuan dan pengetahuan Bahasa Inggris Anda semakin meningkat? Kami berharap demikian.

Setelah membaca ulasan ini semoga Anda menjadi pembelajar Bahasa Inggris yang cakap merangkai gagasan dalam paragraf agar pembaca tulisan Anda mudah memahami ide Anda dan bagaimana ide-ide itu dirangkai dengan apik dan runut. Amin.

Sesi belajar Bahasa Inggris dengan ulasan merangkai gagasan kita sudahi sampai di sini dulu. Ojo lali menyimak ulasan Bahasa Inggris berikutnya. Tetap semangat! Keep moving on!

Happy reading!
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Struktur dan Pola Kalimat untuk Mengungkapkan Pendapat

Kita perhatikan bahwa because of digunakan dengan frasa nomina, sedangkan because digunakan dengan klausa.

     There are several reasons why I think X is better than Y.
     I agree with the opinion of people who believe that X is true. There are several reasons for this.

Kita juga seharusnya mengembangkan gagasan kita dengan menyediakan contoh:

I would rather visit city X than any other city in the world because it has so many cultural attractions. For example, Museum Y has one of the best collections of Z in the world.

There are many ways in which students can get higher grades in a class. For instance, students can ask their teachers how to do A.

What is the most useful subject I have ever studied? I believe Y is by far the most helpful. Here are three examples of how studying Y has helped me.

I choose to attend the University of X because it has many excellent teachers. A good example of this is Professor Y.

We have the use of many technological devices that were not available to our grandparents. The C is a good example of this.

Kita seharusnya tidak menggunakan frasa for example + noun sebagai sebuah kalimat lengkap:

INCORRECT: I would rather visit city X than any other city in the world because it has so many cultural attractions. For example, Museum Y.

Frasa For example, Museum Y adalah fragmen kalimat (bukan sebuah kalimat lengkap) karena ia tidak menyertakan verba.

CORRECT: I would rather visit city X than any other city in the world because it has so many cultural attractions. Museum Y is a good example.

Kita bisa juga mendukung gagasan umum dengan pengalaman pribadi. Berikut beberapa pola kalimat Bahasa Inggris yang digunakan untuk memberikan pengalaman pribadi.

Some people support the idea that we should generally do A before we do B. In my experience, this is not necessarily true.

The statement says that C is true. Some experiences from my own life support this idea.

How can we learn how to do Y? For me, there have been at least three ways.

Itulah beberapa struktur dan pola kalimat yang dapat digunakan untuk mengungkapkan pendapat, kesukaan dan menyampaikan setuju atau tidak setuju, menyampaikan pengalaman pribadi untuk mendukung suatu gagasan. Semoga kita semua tercerahkan dengan membaca artikel Bahasa Inggris ini dan dapat menerapkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Amin. Tetap semangat! Keep moving on!

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