Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Run-on and Stringy Sentences

Belajar Bahasa Inggris tentang Kalimat Melantur:

Belajar Bahasa Inggris tentang Latihan:

Belajar Bahasa Inggris Tentang Choppy Sentence

Belajar Bahasa Inggris tentang Kalimat yang Terlalu Pendek: 

Belajar Bahasa Inggris tentang Latihan: 

1. Gasoline became expensive. Automobile manufacturers began to produce smaller cars. Smaller cars use less gasoline. ______________________________________________________________
2. The computer has undoubtedly benefited humanity. The computer has also created problems for humanity. ____________________________________________________________________
3. Government and private agencies have spent billions of dollars advertising the dangers of smoking. The number of smokers is still increasing. ____________________________________________
4. Some students go to a vocational school to learn a trade. Some students go to college to get a degree. ___________________________________________________________________________
5. The grading system at our college should be abolished. The students don't like getting grades. The instructors don't enjoy giving grades. ___________________________________________________________________________

Selama ini masalah kalimat yang sering kita hadapi dan jumpai adalah fragmen kalimat (sentence fragments), kalimat melantur (run-on sentences), dan tanda gabung hanya dengan koma (comma splice) dan yang lainnya belum begitu kita kenal.

Pada kesempatan belajar Bahasa Inggris kali ini dan berikutnya kita akan belajar itu semua dan ditambah dengan masalah kalimat yang disebut choppy dan stringy sentences. Choppy sentence adalah kalimat yang terlalu pendek sedangkan stringy sentence adalah kalimat dengan terlalu banyak klausa independen.

Pada kesempatan belajar Bahasa Inggris kali ini kita akan belajar mengenali dan membetulkan beberapa kekeliruan yang umum dalam struktur kalimat di antaranya adalah fragmen kalimat (sentence fragments).

Sehubungan dengan penyusunan kalimat kita harus hati-hati dengan kata-kata yang tergolong berbahaya. Semua kata yang termasuk dalam A WHITE BUS subordinator tergolong kata-kata berbahaya. Yang dimaksud dengan A WHITE BUS  di sini adalah:

A: after, although, as
WH: when, whereas, while, whenever, wherever, whether or not
I: in case, if
T: though
E: even though, even if
B: before, because
U: until, unless
S: since, so (that)

Oleh karena itu berilah perhatian khusus pada kalimat Anda yang mulai dengan subordinator tersebut. Bila kita tidak hati-hati dengan kata-kata tersebut, kita bisa saja menciptakan fragmen kalimat.

Sentence Fragments. Fragmen kalimat adalah kalimat yang TIDAK lengkap atau bagian dari kalimat. Ingat bahwa kalimat yang lengkap harus mengandung sedikitnya satu klausa utama atau independen. 

Pelajari 4 contoh fragmen kalimat berikut ini dan metode yang disarankan untuk membetulkannya.

1. Because some students work part-time while taking a full load of courses

    Problem:         This is a dependent clause.

    To correct:      Attach it to an independent clause.

    Because some students work part-time while taking a full load of courses, they have very little free time.

2. For example, the increase in the cost of renting an apartment

    Problem:        There is no verb.

    To correct:     Rewrite the sentence so that it has a verb.

    For example, the cost of renting an apartment increased.

3. Feeling lonely and failing most of his classes

    Problem:        This is a participial phrase.

    To correct: (a) Add a subject and change the participial to verbs, or

                      (b) Attach the phrase to an independent clause.

   (a) He felt lonely and was failing most of his classes.

   (b) Feeling lonely and failing most of his classes, the student wisely decided to make an appointment with his counselor.

4. Many young people who leave home at an early age

    Problem:        This is a noun phrase + a relative clause. The independent clause is unfinished.

    To correct: (a) Change the relative clause into an independent clause, or

                      (b) Complete the unfinished independent clause. 

   (a) Many young people leave home at an early age.

   (b) Many young people who leave home at an early age do not manage their money well.

Selalu periksa tulisan Anda sendiri apakah ada fragmen kalimat. Berilah perhatian khusus kepada kalimat Anda yang mulai dengan konjungsi subordinasi (although, because, before, if, dsb.). Ini semua KATA BERBAHAYA! Yakinkan bahwa setiap klausa subordinasi yang mulai dengan kata-kata ini ditempelkan kepada klausa independen agar tidak menimbulkan fragmen kalimat.

PRACTICE: Rewriting Sentence Fragments

PERINTAH:

A. Read the following sentences. Mark them FRAG if they are sentence fragments, or COMP if they are complete sentences. On a separate piece of paper, rewrite each fragment to make a complete sentence.

_____  1. The desire of all humankind to live in peace and freedom, for example.

_____  2. Second, the fact that men are physically stronger than women.

_____  3. The best movie that I saw last year.

_____  4. Titanic was the most financially successful movie ever made.

_____  5. For example, many students have part-time jobs.

_____  6. Although people want to believe that all men are created equal.

_____  7. Finding a suitable marriage partner is a challenging task.

_____  8. Many of my friends who didn't have the opportunity to go to college.

_____  9. Working during the morning and attending classes during the afternoon.

_____  10. Because I don't feel that grades in college have any value.

_____  11. The nuclear accident that occurred in Russia in 1986, the worst nuclear accident in history.

_____  12. The first hint of the tragedy came two days after the accident occurred.

_____  13. When radiation monitors in Sweden indicated an increase in radiation levels over Scandinavia.

_____  14. Radiation escaping into the atmosphere, drifting west over other countries, and causing crops and dairy products to become contaminated.

_____  15. Opponents of nuclear power plants pointing to the Chernobyl disaster and the near-disaster at a U.S. plant in Pennsylvania.

B. Read the following short essay. Put brackets [  ] around any sentence fragments that you find and mark them FRAG. Then correct all fragments on a separate piece of paper.

Women Drivers

Male chauvinism extends even into the area of automobile driving. It seems. Believing that they are far better drivers than women. Men consider women drivers incompetent, inattentive, and even dangerous behind the wheel.

However, statistics prove that women are, in fact, safer drivers than men. For example, insurance rates. Insurance rates for women are 20 percent lower than they are for men. Another proof is that more accidents are caused by male drivers between the ages of 18 and 25 than by any other group. Also, the greater percentage of accidents involving deaths caused by men. Although women are criticized for being too cautious. They are really just being safe drivers.

The reasons for women drivers' safer driving habits can perhaps be found in the differing attitudes of the sexes towards automobiles. On the other hand, women drivers who regard the automobile as a convenience. Like a washing machine. On the other hand, men regard the automobile as an extension of their egos. Using it as a weapon when they feel particularly aggressive. Or using it as a status symbol.

All in all, women are safer drivers. Because of their attitude. Men can learn to become safe drivers. If they adopt the attitude that an automobile is merely a convenience.

male chauvinism: men's belief in male superiority

egos: self-importance

Model answer

Women Drivers

Male chauvinism extends even into the area of automobile driving. It seems. [Believing that they are far better drivers than women.] Men consider women drivers incompetent, inattentive, and even dangerous behind the wheel.

However, statistics prove that women are, in fact, safer drivers than men. [For example, insurance rates.] Insurance rates for women are 20 percent lower than they are for men. Another proof is that more accidents are caused by male drivers between the ages of 18 and 25 than by any other group. [Also, the greater percentage of accidents involving deaths caused by men.] [Although women are criticized for being too cautious.] They are really just being safe drivers.

The reasons for women drivers' safer driving habits can perhaps be found in the differing attitudes of the sexes towards automobiles. [On the other hand, women drivers who regard the automobile as a convenience.] [Like a washing machine.] On the other hand, men regard the automobile as an extension of their egos. [Using it as a weapon when they feel particularly aggressive.] [Or using it as a status symbol.]

Corrected:

Although women are criticized for being too cautious, they are really just being safe drivers.

Fragment sentence:

[On the other hand, women drivers who regard the automobile as a convenience.]

[Like a washing machine.]

Corrected:

On the other hand, women drivers regard the automobile as a convenience like a washing machine.

Fragment sentence:

[Using it as a weapon when they feel particularly aggressive.]

[Or using it as a status symbol.]

Corrected:

They use it as a weapon when they feel particularly aggressive or use it as a status symbol.

Fragment sentence:

All in all, women are safer drivers.

[Because of their attitude.]

Corrected:

All in all, women are safer drivers because of their attitude.

Fragment sentence:

Men can learn to become safe drivers.

[If they adopt the attitude that an automobile is merely a convenience.]

Corrected:

Men can learn to become safe drivers if they adopt the attitude that an automobile is merely a convenience.

Women Drivers

Male chauvinism extends even into the area of automobile driving. It seems. They believe that they are far better drivers than women. Men consider women drivers incompetent, inattentive, and even dangerous behind the wheel.

However, statistics prove that women are, in fact, safer drivers than men. For example, insurance rates for women are 20 percent lower than they are for men. Another proof is that more accidents are caused by male drivers between the ages of 18 and 25 than by any other group. Also, the greater percentage of accidents involving deaths is caused by men. Although women are criticized for being too cautious, they are really just being safe drivers.

The reasons for women drivers' safer driving habits can perhaps be found in the differing attitudes of the sexes towards automobiles. On the other hand, women drivers regard the automobile as a convenience like a washing machine. On the other hand, men regard the automobile as an extension of their egos. They use it as a weapon when they feel particularly aggressive or use it as a status symbol.

Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Tinjauan Singkat Tentang Parallelism

Kalau kita berbicara mengenai parallelism, kita tidak bisa lepas dari koordinator FAN BOYS tetapi tidak semuanya kecuali hanya ABO (and, but, dan or). Sesi belajar Bahasa Inggris kali ini meninjau secara singkat tentang parallelism.

Parallelism. Parallelism merupakan elemen penting dalam tulisan Bahasa Inggris, khususnya ketika Anda mengelis dan membandingkan  dan mempertentangkan item atau gagasan. Parallelism berarti bahwa setiap item dalam list atau perbandingan mengikuti pola gramatika yang sama. Jika Anda sedang menulis sebuah list dan item pertamanya dalam list Anda adalah nomina, tulis semua item berikutnya sebagai nomina juga. Jika item pertamanya adalah frasa verba infinitif, buatlah semua dari yang lain frasa verba infinif ; jika ia klausa dependen, buatlah semua dari yang lain klausa dependen. Jika Anda sedang membuat perbandingan atau kontras yakinkanlah bahwa item-item yang Anda sedang perbandingkan atau pertentangkan adalah sama.

Perhatikan bagaimana aturan parallelism diikuti dalam kalimat kedua di setiap set berikutnya.

Not parallel:

My English conversation class is made up of Chinese, Spaniards, and some are from Bosnia.

Parallel:

My English conversation class is made up of Chinese, Spaniards, and Bosnians.

Not parallel:

The students who do well attend class, they do their homework, and practice speaking in English. 

Parallel:

The students who do well attend class, do their homework, and practice speaking in English.

Not parallel:

The teacher wanted to know which country we came from and our future goals.

Parallel:

The teacher wanted to know which country we came from and what our future goals were.

Not parallel:

The language skills of the students in the evening classes are the same as the day classes.

Parallel:

The language skills of the students in the evening classes are the same as the language skills of the students in the day classes.

Anda boleh juga mengganti dengan pronomina bagi "the language skills" yang kedua:

     The language skills of the students in the evening classes are the same as those of the students in the day classes.

Semua kata dalam item pertama tidak selalu harus diulangi dalam bagian kedua. Anda boleh mengulang semua atau beberapa kata, tergantung pada apa yang Anda hendak tekankan.

     Before you write a paper or (before) (you) take a test, you must organize your thoughts. 

"Before" dan/atau "you" boleh dihapus dari item kedua tanpa melanggar aturan parallelism.

     Before you write a paper or take a test, you must organize your thoughts.

 Correlative Conjunctions

Gunakan bentuk parallel dengan konjungsi korelatif both . . . and, either . . . or, neither . . . nor, dan not only . . . but also.

Konjungsi korelatif ditempatkan secara langsung sebelum elemen-elemen yang mereka (konjungsi korelatif) gabung dalam kalimat. Perhatikan struktur parallel dalam klausa-klausa ini yang digabung dengan konjungsi korelatif:

     A new law provides the means for both regulating pesticides and ordering their removal if they are dangerous.

     Air pollutants may come either from the ocean as natural contaminants given off by sea life or from the internal combustion engines of automobiles.

     If neither industry nor the public works toward reducing pollution problems, future generations will suffer.

     Many people are neither concerned about pollutants nor worried about their future impact.

     At the present time, air pollution is controlled through laws passed not only to reduce the pollutants at their sources but also to set up acceptable standards of air quality.

 Belajar Bahasa Inggris: 

Kalimat Majemuk vs Kalimat Kompleks

Belajar Bahasa Inggris kali ini masih seputar jenis kalimat berdasarkan jumlah klausa. Kalimat majemuk akan dibandingkan dengan kalimat kompleks. Terlalu banyak menggunakan kalimat majemuk apa akibatnya dan bila menggunakan kalimat kompleks apa kelebihannya. Marilah kita mulai belajar Bahasa Inggris ini.

Tulisan yang bagus menuntut campuran dari semua empat jenis kalimat: sederhana, majemuk, kompleks, dan majemuk-kompleks. Sebuah karangan dengan hanya kalimat pendek (choppy sentence), sederhana, membosankan dan tidak efektif, sebagaimana tulisan yang menggunakan terlalu banyak kalimat majemuk. Tulisan dengan kalimat kompleks dan frasa partisipial, struktur yang menggunakan subordinasi, umumnya dipertimbangkan lebih matang, menarik, dan efektif dalam gaya.

Bandingkan dua model berikut. Model pertama adalah model dari koordinasi yang terlalu banyak, atau tulisan dengan terlalu banyak kalimat majemuk. Dalam model kedua, beberapa koordinasi telah diganti dengan subordinasi--kalimat kompleks dalam kalimat 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, dan 12 dan frasa partisipial dalam kalimat 5 dan 10. Perhatikan, bagaimanapun, bahwa koordinasi telah ditempatkan di mana ide-ide yang diungkapkan adalah setara (kalimat 1, 4, dan 8).

MODEL:
Overcoordination

The People's Princess

1Diana, Princess of Wales, was born in Norfolk, England, in 1961, and she died in Paris, France, in 1997. 2People around the world were fascinated by the transformation of this shy kindergarten teacher into an independent, self-assured young woman. 3Her sudden death in a car crash while being chased by photographers prompted worldwide discussion and grief.

4Diana Spencer was born to a wealthy, upper-class English family, and she was educated in private schools in England and Switzerland. 5She loved children, so she became a kindergarten teacher. 6She led a quiet life in London, but then she met Charles, Prince of Wales, and her life changed dramatically. 7She and Charles married in 1981, and her life as the wife of the future king of England began. 8She gave birth to two sons and became active in charity work. 9Diana's life should have been a happy one, but it was not to be. 10She and Charles began having marital problems, and they separated in 1992, and they agreed to divorce in 1996.

11Diana worked very hard at her job as princess, and she supported many causes, especially those related to children and AIDS victims. 12She lived for only a short time, but she toughed people all over the world because of her beauty, her compassion for others, and her style.



MODEL:
Subordination

1Diana, Princess of Wales, was born in Norfolk, England, in 1961, and died in Paris, France, in 1997. 2People around the world were fascinated by the transformation of this shy kindergarten teacher into an independent, self-assured young woman. 3Her sudden death in a car crash while being chased by photographers prompted worldwide discussion and grief.

4Diana Spencer was born to a wealthy, upper-class English family, and educated in private schools in England and Switzerland. 5Because she loved children, she became a kindergarten teacher, leading a quiet life in London. 6However, when she met Charles, Prince of Wales, her life changed dramatically. 7After she and Charles married in 1981, her life as the wife of the future king of England began. 8She gave birth to two sons and became active in charity work. 9Although Diana's life should have been a happy one, it was not to be. 10She and Charles began having marital problems, separating in 1992 and agreeing to divorce in 1996.

11Diana who worked very hard at her job as princess, supported many causes, especially those related to children and AIDS victims. 12Even though she lived for only a short time, she toughed people all over the world because of her beauty, her compassion for others, and her style.

Belajar Bahasa Inggris tentang Latihan:

PRACTICE: Subordinasi
PERINTAH:
Change the following compound sentences to complex sentences by subordinating one of the clauses. Use the subordinator given. Note: Be sure to add the subordinator to the correct clause so that the resulting sentence is logical.

Example
It was raining, so I took an umbrella to work. (because)
Not logical:  It was raining because I took an umbrella to work.
Logical:         I took an umbrella to work because it was raining.  

1. In the former Soviet Union, men and women had access to equal education and job opportunity, for that reflected the Soviet philosophy. (since)
2. The 1937 Soviet constitution declared that women and men had equal rights and responsibilities, and women joined the workforce. (after)
3. Also, millions of Russian men were away in the military during World War II, so Russian women filled their places at work. (because)
4. Soviet women worked full time at their jobs, but they also had the primary responsibility for taking care of the family. (although)
5. They finished their work, and they had to shop, cook the evening meal, and perhaps wash, iron, or mend the family's clothes. (as soon as)

Model answer:

1. In the former Soviet Union, men and women had access to equal education and job opportunity since that reflected the Soviet philosophy.
2. After The 1937 Soviet constitution declared that women and men had equal rights and responsibilities, women joined the workforce.
3. Because millions of Russian men were away in the military during World War II, Russian women filled their places at work.
4. Although Soviet women worked full time at their jobs, they also had the primary responsibility for taking care of the family.
5. As soon as they finished their work, they had to shop, cook the evening meal, and perhaps wash, iron, or mend the family's clothes.

PRACTICE: Combining Sentences in Different Ways

PERINTAH:

Use what you have learned about the four kinds of sentences to improve these paragraphs, which contain too many short, simple sentences. Use different methods of combining the sentences. You may want to refer to a previous list of coordinators and subordinators. 

1Nonverbal communication, or body language, is used everywhere in the world. 2It is a very powerful means of communication. 3It communicates much more than spoken words. 4One example of nonverbal communication is what occurs between parents and child. 5Parents smile at their child. 6They communicate love, acceptance, and reassurance. 7The child feels comfortable and safe. 8The smile signifies approval. 9The child is happy and well-adjusted.

10Another example of such communication is the image a person projects in public. 11A woman is walking alone on an unfamiliar and possibly dangerous street. 12She wants to appear confident. 13She should walk briskly. 14She may be tired. 15She should walk with her shoulders straight and her head held high. 16Her eyes should be focused straight ahead. 17Someone is looking at her. 18She should return the glance without hesitation. 19In contrast, a nervous women will appear afraid. 20She walks slowly with her shoulders drooping and her eyes looking downward. 21Indeed, body language can express more than spoken language. 22It is a very strong method of communication. 23People use their body signals carelessly. 24They can sometimes be misinterpreted.


Model answer:

> Kalimat 2 dan 3 digabung menjadi kalimat majemuk:
It is a very powerful means of communication, and it communicates much more than spoken words.

> Kalimat 5 dan 5 digabung menjadi kalimat kompleks:
When they smile at their child, parents communicate love, acceptance, and reassurance.

> Kalimat 7, 8, dan 9 digabung menjadi kalimat kompleks:
 The child feels comfortable, safe, happy, and well-adjusted when he smiles.

> Kalimat 11 dan 12 digabung menjadi kalimat kompleks:
A woman is walking alone on an unfamiliar and possibly dangerous street because she wants to appear confident.

> Kalimat 13 dan 14 digabung menjadi kalimat kompleks:
She may be tired after she walk briskly.

> Kalimat 16 dan 17 digabung menjadi kalimat kompleks:
Her eyes are focused straight ahead when someone is looking at her.

> Kalimat 21 dan 22 digabung menjadi kalimat majemuk dengan menggunakan semikolon:
Indeed, body language can express more than spoken language; it is a very strong method of communication.

> Kalimat 23 dan 24 digabung menjadi kalimat kompleks:
When people use their body signals carelessly, they can sometimes be misinterpreted.


Improved paragraphs:


Nonverbal communication, or body language, is used everywhere in the world. It is a very powerful means of communication, and it communicates much more than spoken words. One example of nonverbal communication is what occurs between parents and child. When they smile at their child, parents communicate love, acceptance, and reassurance. The child feels comfortable, safe, happy, and well-adjusted when he smiles.

Another example of such communication is the image a person projects in public. A woman is walking alone on an unfamiliar and possibly dangerous street because she wants to appear confident. She may be tired after she walks briskly. She should walk with her shoulders straight and her head held high. Her eyes are focused straight ahead when someone is looking at her. She should return the glance without hesitation. In contrast, a nervous women will appear afraid. She walks slowly with her shoulders drooping and her eyes looking downward. Indeed, body language can express more than spoken language; it is a very strong method of communication. When people use their body signals carelessly,  they can sometimes be misinterpreted.

 
project: show
briskly: fast
drooping: hanging down

Sebuah video untuk melengkapi.



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