Adjektiva dan adverbia menerangakn kata; karenanya, keduanya adalah kata yang membatasi atau memberi mutu makna dari kata lain. Adjektiva menerangkan nomina, dan adjektiva biasanya ditempatkan dengan segera sebelum atau sesudah kata yang adjektiva terangkan. Adjektiva memberi kualitas makna dengan menunjukkan "what kind of" tentang kata yang adjektiva terangkan.

Our local doctor told me I probably needed new glasses; blurred vision was giving me headaches too severe to treat with aspirin alone. 

Adverbia secara normal menerangkan verba, adjektiva, dan adverbia yang lain, meskipun adverbia mungkin kadang-kadang menerangkan kalimat secara keseluruhan. Ketika adverbia menerangkan adjektiva atau adverbia lainnya, adverbia berdekatan dengan kata yang adverbia terangkan. Ketika adverbia menerangkan verba, adverbia sering,  tetapi tidak selalu, berdekatan dengan verba tersebut.

Adverbia memberi kualitas makna kata yang adverbia terangkan dengan menunjukkan sesuatu seperti when, where, how, why, in what order, atau how often.

The office closed yesterday. [Yesterday menunjukkan when.]
Deliver all mail here. [Here menunjukkan where.]
She replied quickly and angrily. [Quickly dan angrily menggambarkan bagaimana ia menjawab, how.]
Consequently, I left. [Consequently menerangkan why.]
He seldom did any work. [Seldom menunjukkan how often.]

Gunakan adjektiva untuk menerangkan subyek setelah linking verb
Linking verb yang umum adalah be, become, appear, seem, remain, dan verba yang terkait dengan perasaan: look, smell, taste, sound, feel. Adjektiva predikat setelah verba macam ini merujuk ke subyek dan seharusnya dalam bentuk adjektiva. Dalam masing-masing kalimat berikut, misalnya, adjektiva predikat menerangkan subyek. Verba ini hanya menghubungkan keduanya.

You look tired tonight. [Tired menerangkan you.]
The milk smells sour. [Sour menerangkan milk.]

Satu dari kesalahan yang sangat sering dalam konstruksi ini adalah I feel badly sebagai pengganti dari bentuk subject--linking verb--predicate-adjective yang benar I feel bad. 

         FORMAL     He feels bad [ill].
COLLOQUIAL     He feels badly.

         FORMAL     He felt bad about it.
COLLOQUIAL     He felt badly about it.

Belajar Bahasa Inggris mari kita teruskan dengan memperhatikan bahwa beberapa verba yang didaftar sebagai linking verb mungkin kadang-kadang berfungsi sebagai verba aksi.

            Adjektiva                                   Adverbia

I feel tired.                             I felt my way slowly in the darkness.

He looked angry.                   He looked about the room angrily.

The pie tastes delicious.         She tasted the pie cautiously.

Gunakan adverbia, tidak adjektiva, untuk menerangkan verba

      Mr. Jackson is a good teacher.             Mr. Jackson teaches well.

      Her brother is a bad driver.                  He drives badly.

      There has been a considerable             The weather has changed considerably.

      change in the weather.

      My sister is a superb dancer.                My sister dances superbly.

      The teacher gave a quick                     The teacher explained the problem quickly.

      explanation of the problem.

      This is a slow exercise.                        This exercise must be done slowly.

INCORRECT     He writes careless.
    CORRECT     He writes carelessly. [Adverbia carelessly diperlukan untuk menerangkan verba writes.]

INCORRECT     We worked diligent.
    CORRECT     We worked diligently. [Adverbia diperlukan untuk menerangkan verba.]

INCORRECT     The girl looked intelligently.

    CORRECT     The girl looked intelligent.

INCORRECT     That perfume smells sweetly, doesn't it?

    CORRECT     That perfume smells sweet, doesn't it?

INCORRECT     The physician appeared nervously when he talked to the patient.

    CORRECT     The physician appeared nervous when he talked to the patient.

INCORRECT     This bed seems very comfortably.

    CORRECT     This bed seems very comfortable.

INCORRECT     I felt badly about forgetting the appointment.

    CORRECT     I felt bad about forgetting the appointment.

INCORRECT     We all agreed that the new film was real good.

    CORRECT     We all agreed that the new film was really good.

INCORRECT     The students found the physics examination extreme difficult.

    CORRECT     The students found the physics examination extremely difficult.

INCORRECT     If you speak firm, he will listen to you.

    CORRECT     If you speak firmly, he will listen to you.

INCORRECT     He made considerable more progress than I.

    CORRECT     He made considerably more progress than I.

INCORRECT     The professor presented an obvious important point in class.

    CORRECT     The professor presented an obviously important point in class.

INCORRECT     He said that the medicine tasted terribly.

    CORRECT     He said that the medicine tasted terrible.

INCORRECT     It rained steady all day yesterday.

    CORRECT     It rained steadily all day yesterday.

INCORRECT    The dog remained faithfully to its master until the end.

    CORRECT    The dog remained faithful to its master until the end.

INCORRECT    He can do the job easier than you can.

    CORRECT    He can do the job more easily than you can.

INCORRECT    The problem seemed exceeding complex to me.

    CORRECT    The problem seemed exceedingly complex to me.

Gunakan adverbia setelah verba jika modifier menerangkan cara tindakan dari verba tersebut

The cat looked slyly at the canary. [Adverbia slyly menerangkan verba looked. Kontras The cat looked sly at the canary.]

The blind old woman felt gratefully for the blanket someone had put at the foot of her bed. [Adverbia gratefully menerangkan verba felt. Kontras The blind old woman felt grateful for the blanket someone had put at the foot of her bed.]

Apakah Dia Menerangkan Subyek atau Verba?
Dalam contoh ini verba look dan feel mengungkapkan tindakan, dan harus diterangkan oleh adverbia. Tetapi dalam konstruksi seperti She looks tired atau He feels well, verba ini bertindak tidak sebagai kata tindakan, tetapi sebagai penghubung antara subyek dan adjektiva predikat. Pilihan adjektiva atau adverbia dengan demikian bergantung pada fungsi dan makna verba--dengan kata lain, pada apakah ya atau tidak verba tersebut sedang digunakan sebagai linking verb. Tanya diri sendiri apakah Anda menggunakan sebuah modifier untuk subyek atau untuk verba.

Adverbia negatif, seperti barely, hardly, seldom, rarely, dan never, seharusnya tidak digunakan dengan negatif lainnya

INCORRECT     He hasn't never seen a copy of our latest book.

    CORRECT     He has never seen a copy of our latest book.

                           atau

                           He hasn't ever seen a copy of our latest book.

INCORRECT     He rarely eats at that restaurant, doesn't he?

    CORRECT     He rarely eats at that restaurant, does he?

INCORRECT     I can't scarcely believe it's true.

    CORRECT     I can scarcely believe it's true.

INCORRECT     I hadn't hardly gotten out the door when the phone rang again.

    CORRECT     I had hardly gotten out the door when the phone rang again.

Ketika these dan those digunakan sebagai adjektiva demonstratif, keduanya harus diikuti oleh nomina jamak

INCORRECT     These combination of chemicals can be dangerous.

    CORRECT     These combinations of chemicals can be dangerous.

INCORRECT     Those kind of jackets are very popular.

    CORRECT     Those kinds of jackets are very popular.

                           atau

                          That kind of jacket is very popular.

Beberapa adjektiva dan adverbia memiliki bentuk yang sama, seperti fast, hard, high, much, right, straight, late, dan well

The exam was much easier than I had expected. [Adverbia much menerangkan adjektiva easier.]
It's a small car that doesn't use much fuel. [Adjektiva much menerangkan nomina fuel.]

The car was coming straight at me. [Adverbia straight menerangkan verba coming.]
Rosie wore a long straight skirt and a long sleeved sweater. [Adjektiva straight menerangkan nomina skirt.]

Shake the can well before opening. [Adverbia well menerangkan verba shake.]
I'm not feeling very well today. [Adjektiva well menerangkan subyek I; feeling sebagai linking verb dan well sebagai adjektiva predikat.]

INCORRECT     Several people arrived too lately to be admitted to the performance.

    CORRECT     Several people arrived too late to be admitted to the performance.

INCORRECT     The horse ran fastly enough to win the race.

    CORRECT     The horse ran fast enough to win the race.

INCORRECT     The architect worked hardly to finish his drawings by the next day.

    CORRECT     The architect worked hard to finish his drawings by the next day.

INCORRECT     The eagle soared highly into the air.
    CORRECT     The eagle soared high into the air.

INCORRECT     The keys were rightly here a minute ago.
    CORRECT     The keys were right here a minute ago.

Cermatilah bentuk adjektiva dan adverbia yang sama. Kunci untuk mensiasatinya adalah apakah Anda menginginkan sebuah modifier untuk subyek atau untuk verba. Jika modifier untuk subyek berarti modifier yang diperlukan adalah adjektiva [linking verb]. Jika modifier untuk verba berarti modifier yang diperlukan adalah adverbia [ingat salah satu fungsi adverbia].

Setelah membaca ulasan belajar Bahasa Inggris ini, semoga Anda semua semakin tercerahkan. Cara belajar Bahasa Inggris yang simpel, mudah dimengerti dan dipraktikkan. Ulasan grammar Bahasa Inggris yang lengkap, mendalam, dan lugas. Artikel Bahasa Inggris yang enak dibaca dan perlu. Tetap semangat! Keep moving on! 

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