Sumber: www.Google.co.id/gambar/gerund
A Note of Gerund and Infinitive
The following list contains gerunds and infinitives which let you remember the use of them. A gerund is the -ing form of a verb used as a noun. A gerund is used in the same ways as a noun , i.e., as a subject or as an object. An infinitive = to + the simple form of a verb.
List 1. Some common verbs followed by a gerund.
admit mind (negatives and questions)
allow miss
appreciate practice
avoid postpone (put off)
can't help quit (give up)
can't stand remember (= recall)
consider recent
delay risk
deny stop (= cease)
discuss suggest
dislike
enjoy
finish (get through)
mention
keep (keep on)
INCORRECT I will never consider to leave this job.
CORRECT I will never consider leaving this job.
INCORRECT Many people avoid to wear safety belts when they drive.
CORRECT Many people avoid wearing safety belts when they drive.
INCORRECT A busy person can't stand to wait in line.
CORRECT A busy person can't stand waiting in line.
INCORRECT Do you enjoy to be in the United States?
CORRECT Do you enjoy being in the United States?
INCORRECT Students must practice to use different words.
CORRECT Students must practice using different words.
INCORRECT John finished to iron his shirt a few minutes ago.
CORRECT John finished ironing his shirt a few minutes ago.
INCORRECT Would you please stop to talk so loudly?
CORRECT Would you please stop talking so loudly?
INCORRECT The speakers are discussing to go to a concert in the city.
CORRECT The speakers are discussing going to a concert in the city.
INCORRECT You have to decide where you want to go to school next year. You can't postpone to make that decision much longer.
CORRECT You have to decide where you want to go to school net year. You can't postpone making that decision much longer.
Sumber: www.Google.co.id/gambar/infinitive
List 2. Some common verbs followed by an infinitive.
agree need
*attempt offer
decide *plan
demand prepare
expect pretend
happen promise
*hesitate refuse
hope remember (= not to forget)
*intend seem
learn want
manage wish
mean
INCORRECT Do you hope getting your degree by next year?
CORRECT Do you hope to get your degree by next year?
INCORRECT I hesitate saying what I mean.
CORRECT I hesitate to say what I mean.
INCORRECT Birds have to learn using their wings.
CORRECT Birds have to learn to use their wings.
INCORRECT Men of peace have attempted putting an end to war.
CORRECT Men of peace have attempted to put an end to war.
INCORRECT Can that student demand seeing his grades?
CORRECT Can that student demand to see his grades?
INCORRECT He surely expects paying all of his bills.
CORRECT He surely expects to pay all of his bills.
INCORRECT My father is planning changing jobs shortly.
CORRECT My father is planning to change jobs shortly.
INCORRECT Did the cook remember adding salt?
CORRECT Did the cook remember to add salt?
* These verbs may also be followed by gerunds
List 3. Some common verbs followed by either a gerund or an infinitive with no change in meaning.
begin prefer
continue start
hate can't stand
like can't bear
love
INCORRECT Almost everyone loves have free time.
CORRECT Almost everyone loves having free time.
or
Almost everyone loves to have free time.
INCORRECT The homesick child started think about his family.
CORRECT The homesick child started thinking about his family.
or
The homesick child started to think about his family.
INCORRECT It should begin rain before midnight.
CORRECT It should begin raining before midnight.
or
It should begin to rain before midnight.
INCORRECT After a brief interruption, the professor continue lecture.
CORRECT After a brief interruption, the professor continue lecturing.
or
After a brief interruption, the professor continue to lecture.
List 4. Some common verb/preposition combinations followed by a gerund.
approve of look forward to
argue about insist on
complain about keep on
concentrate on object to
depend on plan on
decide on rely on
feel like succeed in
forget about think about
give up worry about
INCORRECT Don't worry about make a mistake.
CORRECT Don't worry about making a mistake.
INCORRECT Did Paul object to pick you up?
CORRECT Did Paul object to picking you up?
INCORRECT We're looking forward to visit our friends.
CORRECT We're looking forward to visiting our friends.
INCORRECT I haven't succeeded in find a job yet.
CORRECT I haven't succeeded in finding a job yet.
INCORRECT The Browns are planning on to buy more furniture.
CORRECT The Browns are planning on buying more furniture.
INCORRECT Most teachers insist on to correct their students' mistakes.
CORRECT Most teachers insist on correcting their students' mistakes.
INCORRECT He rarely complains about to have to get up early.
CORRECT He rarely complains about having to get up early.
INCORRECT You must concentrate on to do your best.
CORRECT You must concentrate on doing your best.
List 5. Some common adjectives followed by an infinitive.
afraid lucky
ashamed pleased
considerate prepared
disappointed proud
eager qualified
foolish ready
fortunate sorry
happy surprised
INCORRECT I'm afraid drive alone at night.
CORRECT I'm afraid to drive alone at night.
INCORRECT The actress seems eager going on stage.
CORRECT The actress seems eager to go on stage.
INCORRECT Citizens ought to feel lucky be able to vote.
CORRECT Citizens ought to feel lucky to be able to vote.
INCORRECT Were you disappointed not win the race?
CORRECT Were you disappointed not to win the race?
INCORRECT The parents are proud having a healthy child.
CORRECT The parents are proud to have a healthy child.
INCORRECT He was not at all surprised hearing the news.
CORRECT He was not at all surprised to hear the news.
INCORRECT I'm looking for someone qualified type a thesis.
CORRECT I'm looking for someone qualified to type a thesis.
List 6. Some common adjective/preposition combinations followed by a gerund.
accustomed to interested in
afraid of opposed to
ashamed of proud of
bored with responsible for
capable of sorry about
disappointed in (with) successful in
essential to surprised at
excited about tired from (= physically tired)
famous for tired of (= mentally tired)
fond of used to
hopeful of worried about
intent on
INCORRECT Police soon get accustomed to arrest criminals.
CORRECT Police soon get accustomed to arresting criminals.
INCORRECT Are you capable of complete the work within an hour?
CORRECT Are you capable of completing the work within an hour?
INCORRECT Eli Whitney is famous for invent the cotton gin.
CORRECT Eli Whitney is famous for inventing the cotton gin.
INCORRECT The driver was intent on to pass the other car.
CORRECT The driver was intent on passing the other car.
INCORRECT The treasurer is responsible for to keep the books.
CORRECT The treasurer is responsible for keeping the books.
INCORRECT Ornothologists are interested in to learn about birds.
CORRECT Ornothologists are interested in learning about birds.
INCORRECT Jonas Salk was successful in find a vaccine against polio.
CORRECT Jonas Salk was successful in finding a vaccine against polio.
INCORRECT No one is opposed to reduce taxes.
CORRECT No one is opposed to reducing taxes.
List 7. Some common verbs followed by the short infinitive (the infinitive without to).
let make have help
INCORRECT Would you let me to use your pencil?
CORRECT Would you let me use your pencil?
INCORRECT The company made the customer to pay his bill.
CORRECT The company made the customer pay his bill.
INCORRECT I had an electrician to repair the wiring.
CORRECT I had an electrician repair the wiring.
INCORRECT My brother helped me washing my car.
CORRECT My brother helped me wash my car.
List 8. Some common verbs followed by a past participle (passive meaning)
have get
INCORRECT It wouldn't cost very much to have your old bike to repair.
CORRECT It wouldn't cost very much to have your old bike repaired.
INCORRECT I got my watch to repair.
CORRECT I got my watch repaired (by someone).
List 9. Some common verbs followed by a present participle or by a simple form or infinitive without to. (Although the present participle is an "-ing" form, it is not a true gerund. Therefore, it cannot have a possessive form before it.)
see listen to
watch look at
notice observe
hear overhear
feel smell
INCORRECT Have you ever seen a tiger's attacking a human being?
CORRECT Have you ever seen a tiger attacking a human being?
or
Have you ever seen a tiger attack a human being?
INCORRECT Parents enjoy watching their children's playing.
CORRECT Parents enjoy watching their children playing.
or
Parents enjoy watching their children play.
INCORRECT Did you notice the car's moving?
CORRECT Did you notice the car moving?
or
Did you notice the car move?
INCORRECT I heard John's knocking at the door.
CORRECT I heard John knocking at the door.
or
I heard John knock at the door.
INCORRECT I saw my friend to run down the street.
CORRECT I saw my friend running down the street.
or
I saw my friend run down the street.
INCORRECT I heard the rain to fall on the roof.
CORRECT I heard the rain falling on the roof.
or
I heard the rain fall on the roof.
Additional notes on gerunds and infinitives:
(1) The gerund is a noun. Therefore, it is logical to put a possessive form before it.
INCORRECT Why do you dislike me cooking?
CORRECT Why do you dislike my cooking?
INCORRECT I can't remember the teacher announcing a test.
CORRECT I can't remember the teacher's announcing a test.
INCORRECT Will you forgive us leaving early?
CORRECT Will you forgive our leaving early?
INCORRECT Paul winning the race surprised everyone.
CORRECT Paul's winning the race surprised everyone.
INCORRECT The movie is not worth you paying four dollars to see.
CORRECT The movie is not worth your paying four dollars to see.
INCORRECT I won't insist on him wearing formal clothes.
CORRECT I won't insist on his wearing formal clothes.
INCORRECT The doctor has recommended my father having an operation.
CORRECT The doctor has recommended my father's having an operation.
INCORRECT Every citizen casting a vote is important.
CORRECT Every citizen's casting a vote is important.
INCORRECT The boss excused his secretary failing to come to work.
CORRECT The boss excused his secretary's failing to come to work.
(2) With the verb need, the gerund or the passive infinitive is often used.
INCORRECT His hair needs cut.
CORRECT His hair needs cutting.
or
His hair needs to be cut.
INCORRECT Does the bed need to make?
CORRECT Does the bed need making?
or
Does the bed need to be made?
INCORRECT My pencil needed to sharpen.
CORRECT My pencil needed sharpening.
or
My pencil needed to be sharpened.
INCORRECT My house needs to paint.
CORRECT My house needs painting.
or
My house needs to be painted.
In certain circumstances, a gerund may follow need. In this case, the gerund carries a passive meaning. Usually the situations involve fixing or improving something.
Keep moving on!
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