Sumber: www.Google.co.id/gambar/sentence fragment
Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Semua Jenis Frasa Adalah Fragmen
Ketika Anda menulis sesuatu, biasanya mudah sekali membuat dua kesalahan. Kesalahan pertama adalah menulis run-on sentences. Kesalahan itu bukan hanya kalimat yang panjang; kesalahan itu adalah kalimat yang mengandung dua atau lebih klausa yang tidak dikaitkan dengan benar (tanpa tanda baca).
RUN-ON SENTENCE: Professional workers such as lawyers and accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers they have more freedom in planning their time.
Kalimat di atas memiliki dua klausa bebas yang tidak digabung dengan benar. Anda dapat memperbaiki run-on sentences dengan menggabungkan klausa secara benar atau dengan memecah run-on sentences ke dalam dua kalimat yang lebih pendek.
REVISED A:
Professional workers such as lawyers and accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers; however, they have more freedom in planning their time.
REVISED B:
Professional workers such as lawyers and accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers. However, they have more freedom in planning their time.
Kesalahan umum lainnya adalah menulis sentence fragment: sebuah kalimat tak lengkap yang kehilangan beberapa elemen kalimat yang penting seperti verba, atau subyek. Bila berdiri sendiri, klausa adverbia, klausa adjektiva, dan semua jenis frasa adalah fragment. Maka dari itu jangan menandai frasa, klausa dependen, dan fragment lainnya sebagai kalimat. Berikut ulasan lebih lanjut tentang sentence fragment.
SENTENCE FRAGMENT
The usual sentence contains a subject and a verb and at least one independent clause. In writing, we indicate sentences by capitalizing the first word and placing appropriate end punctuation, usually a period, after the last. Any group of words that is set off as a sentence but that lacks a subject, a verb, or an independent clause is a sentence fragment.
Such fragments are common in speech, and they are sometimes used for certain special purposes in writing. But in most writing, incomplete sentences, or fragments, are very infrequent. The subject-verb sentence is what readers expect, and they will want some special effectiveness if that expectation is not met.
1. Prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrases consist of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object: over the mountains, during the long intermission, after eating dinner. Prepositional phrases usually serve as modifiers. The prepositional phrases in the following examples are italicized.
FRAGMENT:
Lisa and Sally had just come home. From their trip to New Orleans, Miami, and Atlanta.
REVISED:
Lisa and Sally had just come home from their trip to New Orleans, Miami, and Atlanta.
FRAGMENT:
There must always be secrets. Even between you and me.
REVISED:
There must always be secrets, even between you and me.
2. Verbal phrase. Verbal phrases consist of a verbal (infinitive, participle, or gerund), its object, and any modifiers of the object or verbal. The verbal phrases in the following examples are italicized.
FRAGMENT:
The Dean finally agreed to see me. To talk about my financial problems. [Infinitive phrase]
REVISED:
The Dean finally agreed to see me to talk about my financial problems.
FRAGMENT:
The Egyptian pyramids are a remarkable accomplishment. Showing much knowledge of the laws of physics. [Participial phrase]
REVISED:
The Egyptian pyramids are a remarkable accomplishment, showing much knowledge of the laws of physics.
FRAGMENT:
The citizens voted against the proposed town budget. Being angry at the continued tax increases. [ Participial phrase]
REVISED:
The citizens voted against the proposed town budget, being angry at the continued tax increases.
The citizens voted against the proposed town budget; they were angry at the continued tax increases. [This second revision changes the participial phrase beginning with being to an independent clause. Thus the two sentences could be separated by a period, but the semicolon suggests the close relationship between the clauses.]
3. Subordinate clause. Subordinate clauses are usually introduced by such subordinating conjunctions as after, although, because, when, while, or until or by a relative pronoun such as who, which, or that. Subordinate clauses that occur as fragments are almost always modifiers, which properly belong with the preceding or following sentence. Subordinate clauses in the following examples are italicized.
FRAGMENT;
Their resentment against that attack on the children lasted for many years. Although it was seldom openly expressed.
REVISED:
Their resentment against that attack on the children lasted for many years, although it was seldom openly expressed.
FRAGMENT:
Prospectors invaded the newly discovered gold field. Which was reported to be the richest yet found.
REVISED:
Prospectors invaded the newly discovered gold field, which was reported to be the richest yet found.
FRAGMENT:
We took both English and mathematics. Because both were required.
REVISED:
We took both English and mathematics because both were required. OR
We took both English and mathematics; both were required. [Here the fragment has been made independent by dropping the subordinating conjunction because, but the close relationship of the second clause to the first is suggested by separating the two with a semicolon rather than a period.]
FRAGMENT:
Larry wasn't able to finish graduate school. Because he didn't get a scholarship.
REVISED:
Larry wasn't able to finish graduate school because he didn't get a scholarship.
OR
Larry wasn't able to finish graduate school; He didn't get a scholarship.
4. Appositives. Appositives are words or phrases the rename or explain a noun or a pronoun standing immediately before them. The appositives in the following examples are italicized.
FRAGMENT:
There are several alternatives. The first being to postpone the event. The second being to find a new location for it.
REVISED:
There are several alternatives, the first being to postpone the event, the second being to find a new location for it. OR
There are several alternatives. The first is to postpone the event; the second is to find a new location for it.
FRAGMENT:
The supervisor on my job was a kind person. A thorough man but always sympathetic and thoughtful.
REVISED:
The supervisor on my job was a kind person, a thorough man but always sympathetic and thoughtful. OR
The supervisor on my job was a kind person. He was thorough, but always sympathetic and thoughtful. [Here the fragment has been made independent by adding a subject and verb. This revision gives greater emphasis to the qualities of the supervisor.]
5. Other fragments
FRAGMENT:
She was offered one position in a law office. And another in the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
REVISED:
She was offered one position in a law office and another in the Bureau of Indian Affairs.[Here the fragment is the second part of a compound object of the verb offered.]
FRAGMENT:
After packing Saturday night, they left early Sunday morning. And reached Denver Monday evening.
REVISED:
After packing Saturday night, they left early Sunday morning and reached Denver Monday evening. [Here the fragment is the second part of a compound predicate: They left . . . and reached . . . .]
FRAGMENT:
No rain for three months. The reservoirs were low and the streams were drying up.
REVISED:
With no rain for three months, the reservoirs were low and the streams were drying up. [This is an uncommon form of fragment. Revision requires either giving the disconnected initial phrase a beginning preposition and joining it into an independent clause, as in There had been no rain for three months.]
To develop your deeper understanding of sentence fragments, please do the following exercise.
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