Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Participial Phrase from Adverbial Clause
Participial phrases can also be formed from adverbial clauses. Time and reason clauses introduced by the subordinators after, while, when, before, since, because, and as can be reduced to participial phrases if the subjects of both the adverbial and independent clauses are the same.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE Before I left home,
I promised my parents that I would return.
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE Before
leaving home, I promised my parents that I would return.
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE I promised my parents that I would return before
leaving home.
To change an adverbial clause to a participial phrase, follow these steps:
To change an adverbial clause to a participial phrase, follow these steps:
STEP 1 Make
sure that the subject of the adverbial clause and the subject of the
independent clause are the same.
While technology creates new jobs in some
sectors of the economy, it takes
away jobs in others.
STEP 2 Delete
the subject of the adverbial clause. If necessary, move it to the subject
position in the independent clause.
While creating new jobs in some
sectors of the economy, technology takes
away jobs in others.
STEP 3 Change the adverbial clause verb to the appropriate
participle.
While
creating new jobs in some sectors of the economy, technology takes away jobs in others.
STEP 4 Delete or retain the subordinator according to the
following rules:
a. Retain
before, and retain since when it is a time subordinator.
b. Delete
all three reason subordinators because,
since, and as. Delete as when it is
a time subordinator.
c. Retain
after, while, and when if the
participial phrase follows the independent clause. When the phrase is in
another position, you may either retain or delete these subordinators.
A participial phrase from an adverbial
clause may occupy several positions in a sentence. If a participial phrase from
a reduced adverbial clause comes in front of or in the middle of the
independent clause, punctuate it with commas. If it comes after the independent
clause, do not use commas.
The following examples show you some of the possible variations of this structure.
Retain
before
since
(time)
|
Before
a student chooses a college, he or she should consider several factors.
Before
choosing a college, a student should consider several factors.
A student should consider several
factors before choosing a college.
Carlos
hasn’t been back home since he came to the United States three years ago.
Since
coming to the United States three years ago, Carlos hasn’t been back
home.
Carlos hasn’t been back home since coming to the United States three
years ago.
|
Delete
because
since
as
(reason)
as
(time)
|
Because
(Since/As) Carlos came from a very conservative family, he was shocked at the
American system of coed dormitories.
Coming
from a very conservative family, Carlos was shocked at the American system of coed
dormitories.
As
he gradually got used to American customs, he became less homesick.
Gradually
getting used to American customs, he became less homesick.
|
Retain or
Delete
after
while
when
|
After
he had passed the TOEFL exam, he became a freshman at his college.
After
passing the TOEFL exam, he became a freshman at his college.
Having
passed the TOEFL exam, he
became a freshman at his college.
he became a freshman at his college after passing the TOEFL exam.
While
he was preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with an American family.
While
preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with an American family.
Preparing
for the TOEFL, he lived with an
American family.
He lived with an American family while preparing for the TOEFL
When
he was asked about his life in the United States, he said that he was
enjoying himself, but that he was a little homesick.
When
asked about his life in the United States, he said that he was enjoying
himself, but that he was a little homesick.
Asked
about his life in the United States, he said that he was enjoying
himself, but that he was a little homesick.
|
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