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Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Four Kinds of Sentences
One of the most basic of all writing skills is the skill of composing sentences. Without it, no writer can lay claim to competency, let alone excellence. Experienced writers know better. They realize that good, effective, pleasing sentences do not just happen; they must be designed by the writer. Skill in composing sentences demands, first, an understanding of the basic sentence patterns and of the ways these patterns can be expanded and combined, and then skill in using the patterns to convey thoughts clearly and accurately.
A sentence according to Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue (1999:155): "A sentence is a group of words that you use to communicate your ideas. Every sentence is formed from one or more clauses and expresses a complete thought."
Another definition of a sentence is uttered by Glenn Leggett (1985:4): "A sentence is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate and that is not introduced by a connecting word such as although, because, when, or where that makes it dependent upon another group of words to complete its meaning." She is studying and what is she studying are sentences. But although she is studying is not a sentence because the word although makes the whole word group depend upon something else for completion, as in the statement Although she is still studying, she will finish soon.
Based on quotations above. it can be concluded that a sentence is a group of words that you use to communicate your ideas and that is not introduced by a connecting word such as although, because, when, or where.
Basically, there are four kinds of sentences in English: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex. The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of clauses used to form it.
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence is one independent clause.
I enjoy playing tennis with my friends every weekend.
I enjoy playing tennis and look forward to it every weekend.
My friends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekend.
Notice that the second sentence has two verbs, enjoy and look forward to. This is called a compound verb. Because there is only one clause, this is a simple sentence. The third sentence has a compound subject as well as a compound verb, but it is still a simple sentence because it has only one clause.
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence is two or more independent clauses joined together. There are three ways to join the clauses.
1. With a coordinator: I enjoy tennis, but I hate golf.
2. With a conjunctive adverb: I enjoy tennis; however, I hate golf.
3. With a semicolon: I enjoy tennis; I hate golf.
Notice that in the first sentence, there is a comma after the first independent clause. Notice the punctuation in the second sentence: a semicolon follows the first independent clause, and a comma follows the conjunction adverb. Also, just like the FUN BOYS coordinators, conjunctive adverb express relationship between the clauses. Notice the third sentence. This kind of compound sentence is possible only when the two independent clauses are closely related in meaning. If they aren't closely related, they should be written as two simple sentences, each ending with a period.
Complex Sentence
The simple sentence is a natural way to express a single idea that is not too long or too complicated. The compound sentence serves you well when you have two related ideas of equal importance. Sometimes, however, you need to combine into one sentence several ideas of unequal importance. The complex sentence is the one to use when you wish to show the relationship between those unequal parts.
Relating to complex sentence, Mellie John et al. (1973:458) gives definition as follow: " A complex sentence is one that contains one independent clause and at least one dependent (subordinate) clause. Every dependent clause in the sentence will be used as a part of speech; that is, as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb."
I
was in England when the coronation took place. (adverb clause)
I do not know when the bulletin was
released. (noun clause)
The money came at a time when I
needed it most. (adjective clause)
Note in the three sentences above that
the same word (when) may introduce
each kind of dependent clause.
Another definition about complex sentence
is uttered by Vincent Ryan Ruggiero (1981:172):
A complex sentence is a sentence with
two or more complete thoughts (each containing a subject and a predicate), only
one of which is grammatically independent. The other one or more thoughts are
subordinate to the independent one; that is, they are made dependent on the
other thought for their full meaning by being introduced by such words as if, although, when, after, and because. Use a complex sentence when the
relationships between your thoughts are best expressed in a
subordinate/independent structure.
For example:
Multiple Sentences
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Complex Sentences
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He didn’t get
the job. He made a very poor impression on the interview.
The twins were
sleeping soundly. Tim quietly got up, tiptoed to the kitchen, and ate the
rest of the cake.
I don’t
consider him a really good teacher. I can’t, however, cite a single bad
quality in his teaching.
|
He didn’t get
the job because he made a very poor
impression on the interview.
While the twins were sleeping soundly, Tim
quietly got up, tiptoed to the kitchen, and ate the rest of the cake.
I don’t
consider him a really good teacher although
I can’t cite a single bad quality in his teaching.
|
Further
more about complex sentence is uttered by Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue
(1999:160): A
complex sentence contains one independent clause and one (or more) dependent
clause(s). In a complex sentence, one idea is generally more important than the
other one. The more important idea is placed in the independent clause, and the
less important idea is placed in the dependent clause.
There
are three kinds of dependent clauses: adverb, adjective, and noun.
The following chart presents an overview of
them.
DEPENDENT CLAUSES
ADVERB CLAUSES
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A
dependent adverb clause begins with an adverbial subordinator such as when, while, because, although, if, so that, etc.
1.
Although women
in the United States could own property, they could not vote until
1920.
2.
In the United States, women could not vote until
1920 although they could own property.
Notice
that there are two possible positions for an adverb clause: before or after
the independent clause. If it comes before the independent clause, it is
followed by a comma (sentence 1). If it comes after the independent clause,
no comma is used (sentence 2).
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ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
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A
dependent adjective (relative) clause begins with a relative pronoun such as who, whom, which, or that, or with a relative adverb such
as where or when. An adjective clause functions as an adjective; that is, it
modifies a noun or pronoun.
3.
Men who are
not married are called bachelors.
4.
Last year we vacationed on the Red Sea, which features excellent scuba diving.
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NOUN CLAUSES
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A
dependent noun clause functions as a noun and begins with a wh-question word, that, whether, or
sometimes if. A dependent noun
clause can be either a subject (sentence 5) or an object (sentence 6). No
commas are necessary.
5.
That there is
a hole in the ozone layer of the earth’s atmosphere is well
known.
6.
Scientists believe that excess chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere are responsible for
creating it.
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