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Learning English About Adjective Clauses or Relative Clauses
Adjective clauses--also called relative clauses--are a way of joining two sentences. In the joined sentence, the adjective clause modifiers (describes) a noun in another clause of the sentence. An adjective clause begins with a word called an adjective clause marker.
I wanted
The book that I wanted was already checked out.
The adjective clause in this example begins with the marker that and modifiers the noun book.
Adjective clause markers are relative pronouns such as who, that, or which or the relative adverbs when or where.
Adjective
Clause
Marker Use Example
________________________________________________________________________________
who Subject (people) A neurologist is a doctor who specializes in the nervous system.
________________________________________________________________________________
whom Object (people) This is the patient whom the doctor treated.
________________________________________________________________________________
whose Possessive Mr. Collins is the man whose house I rented.
(people/things)
________________________________________________________________________________
which Subject/Object The assignment, which was due last week, took me four hours
(things) to complete.
________________________________________________________________________________
that Subject/Object Art that is in public places can be enjoyed by everyone.
(people/things) (that as subject)
The painting that Ms. Wallace bought was very expensive.
(that as object)
________________________________________________________________________________
where Adverb That is the site where the bank plans to build its new headquarters.
(place)
________________________________________________________________________________
when Adverb This is the hour when the children usually go to bed.
(time)
________________________________________________________________________________
Like all clauses, adjective clauses must have a subject and a verb. In some cases the adjective clause marker itself is the subject; in some cases, there is another subject.
The painting was very expensive. Ms. Wallace bought
The painting that Ms. Wallace bought was very expensive.
The adjective clause marker in the joined sentence replaces it, the object of the verb bought. In the joined sentence, the adjective clause keeps the subject--Ms. Wallace--that it had in the original sentence. Notice that the inclusion of the pronoun it in the joined sentence above would be an error. INCORRECT: The painting that Ms. Wallace bought it was very expensive.
The assignment took me four hours to complete.
The assignment, which was due last week, took me four hours to complete.
The adjective clause marker in the joined sentence replaces it, the subject of the second original sentence. In the joined sentence, the marker itself is the subject of the adjective clause.
In some adjective clauses, the relative pronoun that may be used in place of which or who. These sentences are called identifying adjective clauses (also called restrictive adjective clauses). The information in the clause is needed to identify the noun. This type of clause is not set off by commas.
The island that we visited was beautiful.
The people that moved next door are very friendly.
In other adjective clauses (called non-identifying or non-restrictive), the clause provides "extra" information. It's not needed to identify the head noun. These clauses are always set off with commas.
Maui, which is one of the Hawaiian Islands, is quite beautiful.
The Smiths, who are our new neighbors, are very friendly.
The word that cannot be used to introduce this type of clause.
INCORRECT: Maui, that is one of the Hawaiian Islands, is quite beautiful.
INCORRECT: The Smiths, that are our new neighbors, are very friendly.
The adjective clause markers which and whom can also be used as objects of prepositions:
That is the topic. I will write on
That is the topic on which I will write.
Marie is the student. The teacher gave the special assignment to
Marie is the student to whom the teacher gave the special assignment.
You may also see sentences with adjective clauses used in this pattern:
quantifier + of + relative clause
He met with two advisors. He had known both of
He met with two advisors, both of whom he had known for years.
I read a number of articles. Most of
I read a number of articles, most of which were very useful.
adviser = advisor
If you want to check your knowledge of adjective clause, please do the following adjective clause exercise.
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