Rabu, 29 Oktober 2014

Published 21.54 by with 0 comment

Belajar Bahasa Inggris Adjective Clause

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 Sumber: www.Google.co.id/gambar/adjective clause


  Learning English About Adjective Clauses or Relative Clauses




Adjective clauses--also called relative clauses--are a way of joining two sentences. In the joined sentence, the adjective clause modifiers (describes) a noun in another clause of the sentence. An adjective clause begins with a word called an adjective clause marker.

     I wanted the book. The book was already checked out.
     The book that I wanted  was already checked out.

The adjective clause in this example begins with the marker that and modifiers the noun book.

Adjective clause markers are relative pronouns such as who, that, or which or the relative adverbs when or where.

Adjective
Clause
Marker              Use                           Example
________________________________________________________________________________
who                   Subject (people)        A neurologist is a doctor who specializes in the nervous system.
________________________________________________________________________________
whom                Object (people)         This is the patient whom the doctor treated.
________________________________________________________________________________
whose                Possessive                 Mr. Collins is the man whose house I rented.
                         (people/things)
________________________________________________________________________________
which                 Subject/Object          The assignment, which was due last week, took me four hours
                         (things)                       to complete.
________________________________________________________________________________
that                    Subject/Object          Art that is in public places can be enjoyed by everyone.
                         (people/things)           (that as subject)
                                                           The painting that Ms. Wallace bought was very expensive.
                                                           (that as object)
________________________________________________________________________________
where                Adverb                       That is the site where the bank plans to build its new headquarters.
                         (place)
________________________________________________________________________________
when                 Adverb                       This is the hour when the children usually go to bed.
                         (time)
________________________________________________________________________________

Like all clauses, adjective clauses must have a subject and a verb. In some cases the adjective clause marker itself is the subject; in some cases, there is another subject.

     The painting was very expensive. Ms. Wallace bought it.
     The painting that Ms. Wallace bought was very expensive.

The adjective clause marker in the joined sentence replaces it, the object of the verb bought. In the joined sentence, the adjective clause keeps the subject--Ms. Wallace--that it had in the original sentence. Notice that the inclusion of the pronoun it in the joined sentence above would be an error. INCORRECT: The painting that Ms. Wallace bought it was very expensive.

     The assignment took me four hours to complete. It was due last week.
     The assignment, which was due last week, took me four hours to complete.

The adjective clause marker in the joined sentence replaces it, the subject of the second original sentence. In the joined sentence, the marker itself is the subject of the adjective clause.

In some adjective clauses, the relative pronoun that may be used in place of which or who. These sentences are called identifying adjective clauses (also called restrictive adjective clauses). The information in the clause is needed to identify the noun. This type of clause is not set off by commas.

     The island that we visited was beautiful.
     The people that moved next door are very friendly.

In other adjective clauses (called non-identifying or non-restrictive), the clause provides "extra" information. It's not needed to identify the head noun. These clauses are always set off with commas.

     Maui, which is one of the Hawaiian Islands, is quite beautiful.
     The Smiths, who are our new neighbors, are very friendly.

The word that cannot be used to introduce this type of clause.

     INCORRECT:  Maui, that is one of the Hawaiian Islands, is quite beautiful.
     INCORRECT:  The Smiths, that are our new neighbors, are very friendly.

The adjective clause markers which and whom can also be used as objects of prepositions:
 
     That is the topic. I will write on it.
     That is the topic on which I will write.
     Marie is the student. The teacher gave the special assignment to her.
     Marie is the student to whom the teacher gave the special assignment.

You may also see sentences with adjective clauses used in this pattern:

     quantifier + of + relative clause
     He met with two advisors. He had known both of them for years.
     He met with two advisors, both of whom he had known  for years.
     I read a number of articles. Most of them  were very useful.
     I read a number of articles, most of which  were very useful.

adviser = advisor

If you want to check your knowledge of adjective clause, please do the following adjective clause exercise.


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Minggu, 26 Oktober 2014

Published 15.46 by with 0 comment

Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Dangling Modifiers

Belajar Dangling Modifiers Bahasa Inggris




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A modifier must have something to modify. A dangling modifier has nothing to modify because the word it should logically modify is not present in its sentence. For example:

Driving through the mountains, three bears were seen.

Driving through the mountains is a participial phrase that can modify anything capable of driving. The sentence says that the bears are driving, but common sense tells us bears can’t drive. Although the writer surely meant that the bears were seen by some person who was driving, the sentence contains no words directly identifying such a person.

Dangling modifiers can occur in mixed constructions where a writer begins a sentence as if he or she intends to use an active verb in the main clause but finishes it by shifting to a passive-voice verb instead.
The simple sentence above is a good illustration of such a shift. Here is another example of a shift that results in a dangling elliptical clause. This one was printed in a financial journal.

When asked to explain why they borrowed money from a particular bank, previous good experience and low interest rates were most frequently mentioned as reasons.

If the sentence is rewritten in the active voice, the dangling modifier will disappear:

When asked to explain why they borrowed money from a particular bank, people most frequently mentioned previous good experience and low interest rates as reasons.

Dangling modifiers may be verbal or prepositional phrases or elliptical clauses. They most commonly come at the beginning of a sentence, but they can come at the end as well. To write There were three bears, driving through the mountains still leaves the bears apparently doing the driving. Nothing is expressed that driving can sensibly modify. Nor is When a baby, my grandfather gave me a silver cup improved by moving the clause to the end of the sentence.

Eliminate dangling modifiers (1) by reworking the sentence so that an appropriate word is provided for the modifier to modify or (2) by expanding the dangler into a full subordinate clause. The sentence in the illustration, for example, can be revised as follows:

While driving through the mountains, we saw three bears.
As we were driving through the mountains, we saw three bears.

Through a writer’s carelessness, dangling modifiers can slip into writing, especially when an appropriate object for the modifier is present in an adjacent sentence but not in the sentence containing the dangler. 

Consider this paragraph from a campus newspaper:

While wearing a Halloween mask and carrying a handgun, a man entered Marsh Pharmacy and asked for all of the narcotics, said Fran Reinhart, a temporary Marsh employee. According to Reinhart, he was filling in for another pharmacist when a man came up to the desk. Wearing a green mask and overalls, Reinhart estimated his height at about six feet and his weight at about 150 pounds
.
Presumably the would-be thief, rather than Reinhart, was wearing the green mask and the overalls. The reporter forgot that a modifier and the word it modifies need to be located in the same sentence.

According to Reinhart, he was filling in for another pharmacist when a man wearing a green mask and overalls came up to the desk.

Avoid dangling participial phrases

A participle is a verb form usually ending in –ing or –ed and used as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun. A participial phrase consists of a participle, its object, and any modifiers of the participle or object.
The fact that participial phrases can be moved away from the nouns they modify creates the condition for a particular grammatical error known as a dangling participial or dangling modifier. A dangling modifier is an out-and-out grammatical error. The error results from incorrectly formed modifying participial. A participle is said to dangle when it is not properly attached to the noun that it apparently modifies. When a participial phrase is moved to the beginning of the sentence, we assume that the participial phrase modifies the subject—the nearest noun. However, when participial phrase does not literally modify the subject, then the participle is dangling. Here is an example of a dangling participle (participial phrase in italics):

DANGLING             Coming home late, the house was dark. [There is nothing in the sentence that can sensibly be coming home. A revision must identify some person.]
REVISED                 Coming home late, we found the house was dark.
                                             When we came home late, the house was dark.

To avoid misplaced (dangling) participial phrase, we must usually pay attention to the following:
“The subject of a participial phrase is usually a noun or pronoun in the main clause.” (Marcella Frank, 1972:305) Lester and Beason also said that “Multiword participial phrases—participles together with modifiers and/or complements—follow the nouns they modify.” As Pat Belanoff (1993:78) emphasized that “Clarify is promoted when a writer keeps all modifiers as close as possible to what they modify.”
From the quotations above, we can learn one important thing, that is, to avoid dangling participial phrase, place modifiers near the words they modify.

 

 

Avoid dangling phrases that contain gerunds

A gerund is an –ing form of a verb used as a noun. A gerund phrase consists of a gerund, its object, and any modifiers of the gerund or object. In typical dangling phrases that contain gerunds, the gerund or gerund phrase serves as the object of a preposition.

DANGLING         Before exploring the desert, our water supply was replenished. 
                              [Who replenished  it?]
REVISED              Before exploring the desert, we replenished our water supply.

DANGLING        After putting a worm on my hook, the fish began to bite. 
                             [A very accommodating fish that will bait the hook for you]
REVISED             After I put a worm on my hook, the fish began to bite.

Avoid dangling infinitive phrase

An infinitive consists of the infinitive marker to followed by the plain form of the verb. An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive, its object, and any modifiers of the infinitive or object.

DANGLING         To take good pictures, a good camera must be used. [Who will use the camera?]
REVISED              To take good pictures, you must use a good camera.
                                                If you wish to take good pictures, you must use a good camera.
 DANGLING         To skate well, practice is necessary.
 REVISED              To skate well, you [or one] must practice.

Avoid dangling elliptical clauses

An elliptical clause is one in which the subject or verb is implied or understood rather than stated. The clause dangles if its implied subject is not the same as the subject of the main clause. Eliminate a dangling elliptical clause by (1) making the dangling clause agree with the subject of the main clause or (2) supplying the omitted subject or verb.

DANGLING         When a baby, my grandfather gave me a silver cup.
REVISED             When a baby, I was given a silver cup by my grandfather. [The subject of the main clause agrees with the implied subject of the elliptical clause.]
                          When I was a baby, my grandfather gave me a silver cup. [The omitted subject and verb are supplied in the elliptical clause.

DANGLING         While rowing on the lake, the boat overturned.
REVISED             While rowing on the lake, we overturned the boat. [The subject  of the main clause agrees with the implied subject of the elliptical clause.]
                                   
                             While we were rowing on the lake, the boat overturned [or we overturned the boat].

[The elliptical clause is expanded into a subordinate clause.] 

If you want to develop your deeper understanding of dangling modifiers, please do dangling modifier exercise 1 or dangling modifier exercise 2.

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Sabtu, 25 Oktober 2014

Published 19.41 by with 0 comment

Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Participial Phrase from Adjective Clause

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 Sumber: www.Google.co.id/gambar/participle

 Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Participial Phrase from Adjective Clause


Participles are verbal adjectives. There are two kinds of participles: present participles and past participles. The present participle always ends in -ing. The past participle of regular verbs ends in -ed, but many verbs have irregular past participles.

Participial phrases (a participle and related words) are often used after nouns. Participial phrases used this way actually (shortened) adjective clauses. Present participles are used to reduce adjective clauses that contain active verbs. Participial phrases are formed by reducing subject pattern relative clauses.

The pedestrian, who was blending from several wounds, waited for someone to help him. (full adjective clause with an active verb)
The pedestrian,  blending from several wounds, waited for someone to help him. (participial phrase with a present participle)


Minnesota, which joined the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state. (full adjective clause with an active verb)
Minnesota, joining the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state. (participial phrase with a present participle)

Past participles are used to reduce adjective clauses with passive verbs.

The College of William and Mary, which was founded in 1693, is the second oldest college in the United States. (full adjective clause with a passive verb)
The College of William and Mary, founded in 1693, is the second oldest college in the United States.(participial phrase with a past participle)

An ambulance that was summoned by a bystander came quickly. (full adjective clause with a passive verb)
An ambulance summoned by a bystander came quickly. (participial phrase with a past participle)

Participial phrases can also come before the subject of a sentence.

 Joining the Union in 1858, Minnesota became the thirty-second state.
Founded in 1693, William and Mary College is the second oldest college in the United States.

To develop your deeper understanding of participial phrase, please do the following exercise and also do this editing practice.

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Kamis, 23 Oktober 2014

Published 15.54 by with 0 comment

Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Participial Phrase from Adverbial Clause

Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Participial Phrase from Adverbial Clause




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Participial phrases can also be formed from adverbial clauses. Time and reason clauses introduced by the subordinators after, while, when, before, since, because, and as can be reduced to participial phrases if the subjects of both the adverbial and independent clauses are the same.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE       Before I left home, I promised my parents that I would return.
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE      Before leaving home, I promised my parents that I would return.
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE      I promised my parents that I would return before leaving home. 

To change an adverbial clause to a participial phrase, follow these steps:
STEP 1            Make sure that the subject of the adverbial clause and the subject of the independent clause are the same.
                       While technology creates new jobs in some sectors of the economy, it takes away jobs in others.
STEP 2           Delete the subject of the adverbial clause. If necessary, move it to the subject position in the independent clause.

While creating new jobs in some sectors of the economy, technology takes away jobs in others.
            STEP 3            Change the adverbial clause verb to the appropriate participle.
While creating new jobs in some sectors of the economy, technology takes away jobs in others.
            STEP 4            Delete or retain the subordinator according to the following rules:
a.       Retain before, and retain since when it is a time subordinator.
b.      Delete all three reason subordinators because, since, and as. Delete as when it is a time subordinator.
c.    Retain after, while, and when if the participial phrase follows the independent clause. When the phrase is in another position, you may either retain or delete these subordinators.
A participial phrase from an adverbial clause may occupy several positions in a sentence. If a participial phrase from a reduced adverbial clause comes in front of or in the middle of the independent clause, punctuate it with commas. If it comes after the independent clause, do not use commas.

The following examples show you some of the possible variations of this structure.
           
Retain
before







since
(time)


Before a student chooses a college, he or she should consider several factors.

      Before choosing a college, a student should consider   several factors.
      A student should consider several factors before choosing a college.

Carlos hasn’t been back home since he came to the United States three years ago.

     Since coming to the United States three years ago, Carlos hasn’t been back home.
     Carlos hasn’t been back home since coming to the United States three years ago.

Delete

because
since
as
(reason)


as
(time)



Because (Since/As) Carlos came from a very conservative family, he was shocked at the American system of coed dormitories.

      Coming from a very conservative family, Carlos was shocked  at the American system of coed dormitories.

As he gradually got used to American customs, he became less homesick.

       Gradually getting used to American customs, he became less homesick.

Retain or
Delete

after









while








when




After he had passed the TOEFL exam, he became a freshman at his college.

     After passing the TOEFL exam, he became a freshman at his college.
     Having passed the TOEFL exam, he became a freshman at his college.
     he became a freshman at his college after passing the TOEFL exam.

While he was preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with an American family.

     While preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with an American family.
     Preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with an American family.
     He lived with an American family while preparing for the TOEFL

When he was asked about his life in the United States, he said that he was enjoying himself, but that he was a little homesick.

     When asked about his life in the United States, he said that he was enjoying himself, but that he was a little homesick.
     Asked about his life in the United States, he said that he was enjoying himself, but that he was a little homesick.
    
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Rabu, 22 Oktober 2014

Published 21.26 by with 0 comment

Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Four Kinds of Sentences

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Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Four Kinds of Sentences



One of the most basic of all writing skills is the skill of composing sentences. Without it, no writer can lay claim to competency, let alone excellence. Experienced writers know better. They realize that good, effective, pleasing sentences do not just happen; they must be designed by the writer. Skill in composing sentences demands, first, an understanding of the basic sentence patterns and of the ways these patterns can be expanded and combined, and then skill in using the patterns to convey thoughts clearly and accurately.

A sentence according to Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue (1999:155): "A sentence is a group of words that you use to communicate your ideas. Every sentence is formed from one or more clauses and expresses a complete thought."

Another definition of a sentence is uttered by Glenn Leggett (1985:4): "A sentence is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate and that is not introduced by a connecting word such as although, because, when, or where that makes it dependent upon another group of words to complete its meaning." She is studying and what is she studying are sentences. But although she is studying is not a sentence because the word although makes the whole word group depend upon something else for completion, as in the statement  Although she is still studying, she will finish soon.

Based on quotations above. it can be concluded that a sentence is a group of words that you use to communicate your ideas and that is not introduced by a connecting word such as although, because, when, or where.

Basically, there are four kinds of sentences in English: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex. The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of clauses used to form it.

Simple Sentence

A simple sentence is one independent clause.

    I enjoy playing tennis with my friends every weekend.
    I enjoy playing tennis and look forward to it every weekend.
    My friends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekend.

Notice that the second sentence has two verbs, enjoy and look forward to. This is called a compound verb. Because there is only one clause, this is a simple sentence. The third sentence has a compound subject as well as a compound verb, but it is still a simple sentence because it has only one clause.

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence is two or more independent clauses joined together. There are three ways to join the clauses.

1. With a coordinator: I enjoy tennis, but I hate golf.
2. With a conjunctive adverb: I enjoy tennis; however, I hate golf.
3. With a semicolon: I enjoy tennis; I hate golf.

Notice that in the first sentence, there is a comma after the first independent clause. Notice the punctuation in the second sentence: a semicolon follows the first independent clause, and a comma follows the conjunction adverb. Also, just like the FUN BOYS coordinators, conjunctive adverb express relationship between the clauses. Notice the third sentence. This kind of compound sentence is possible only when the two independent clauses are closely related in meaning. If they aren't closely related, they should be written as two simple sentences, each ending with a period.

Complex Sentence

The simple sentence is a natural way to express a single idea that is not too long or too complicated. The compound sentence serves you well when you have two related ideas of equal importance. Sometimes, however, you need to combine into one sentence several ideas of unequal importance. The complex sentence is the one to use when you wish to show the relationship between those unequal parts.

Relating to complex sentence, Mellie John et al. (1973:458) gives definition as follow: " A complex sentence is one that contains one independent clause and at least one dependent (subordinate) clause. Every dependent clause in the sentence will be used as a part of speech; that is, as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb."


    I was in England when the coronation took place. (adverb clause)
    I do not know when the bulletin was released. (noun clause)
    The money came at a time when I needed it most. (adjective clause)
Note in the three sentences above that the same word (when) may introduce each kind of dependent clause. 
Another definition about complex sentence is uttered by Vincent Ryan Ruggiero (1981:172):
A complex sentence is a sentence with two or more complete thoughts (each containing a subject and a predicate), only one of which is grammatically independent. The other one or more thoughts are subordinate to the independent one; that is, they are made dependent on the other thought for their full meaning by being introduced by such words as if, although, when, after, and because. Use a complex sentence when the relationships between your thoughts are best expressed in a subordinate/independent structure.


For example:


Multiple Sentences
Complex Sentences

He didn’t get the job. He made a very poor impression on the interview.

The twins were sleeping soundly. Tim quietly got up, tiptoed to the kitchen, and ate the rest of the cake.

I don’t consider him a really good teacher. I can’t, however, cite a single bad quality in his teaching.

He didn’t get the job because he made a very poor impression on the interview.

While the twins were sleeping soundly, Tim quietly got up, tiptoed to the kitchen, and ate the rest of the cake.

I don’t consider him a really good teacher although I can’t cite a single bad quality in his teaching.

Further more about complex sentence is uttered by Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue (1999:160): A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one (or more) dependent clause(s). In a complex sentence, one idea is generally more important than the other one. The more important idea is placed in the independent clause, and the less important idea is placed in the dependent clause.

There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adverb, adjective, and noun.
The following chart presents an overview of them.
 
              DEPENDENT CLAUSES

ADVERB CLAUSES

A dependent adverb clause begins with an adverbial subordinator such as when, while, because, although, if, so that, etc.

      1.      Although women in the United States could own property, they could not vote until 1920.
      2.      In the United States, women could not vote until 1920 although they could own property.

Notice that there are two possible positions for an adverb clause: before or after the independent clause. If it comes before the independent clause, it is followed by a comma (sentence 1). If it comes after the independent clause, no comma is used (sentence 2).
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

A dependent adjective (relative) clause begins with a relative pronoun such as who, whom, which, or that, or with a relative adverb such as where or when. An adjective clause functions as an adjective; that is, it modifies a noun or pronoun.

      3.      Men who are not married are called bachelors.
      4.      Last year we vacationed on the Red Sea, which features excellent scuba diving.
NOUN CLAUSES

A dependent noun clause functions as a noun and begins with a wh-question word, that, whether, or sometimes if. A dependent noun clause can be either a subject (sentence 5) or an object (sentence 6). No commas are necessary.

      5.      That there is a hole in the ozone layer of the earth’s atmosphere is well known.
      6.      Scientists believe that excess chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere are responsible for creating it.

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